Wilfred Owen -Anthem for Doomed Youth

These words indicate rifles were moving fast on the battleground as many soldiers were slain, this gives the reader a clear image and uses caesura as they reflect on the deaths in the war. 2) Why are the men referred as cattle? Wilfred Owe;en refers the men as cattle as exemplified by the phrase â€Å"who die as cattle†. This simile is used in the poem to make the reader realism how many soldiers were killed during the war fighting for there country. The men killed are compared to cattle to indicate the great number of soldiers inured and killed. At the start of the poem what rhetorical question Is asked by Owen before he goes to answer It? Owen asks a rhetorical question in the beginning of the poem which he then answers throughout the rest of the poem as evident in â€Å"what passing bells for those who die as cattle? † The question asked is a rhetorical question which gives no time for the reader to answer however the poem does that. Caesura has been used In this rhe torical question because It will give time for the reader to reflect on the question whilst reading down the poem. How does Owen appeal to our sense of sight and hearing by using the sounds of the battlefield? Owen appeals to our senses of sight and hearing using the sounds on the battlefields. This Is evident In â€Å"no mockeries for them from prayers or bells†, the phrase is appealing to our senses because it is explaining to readers ceremonies did not go on in any way either prayers or bells. The dead people were not given a proper funeral or mocked at. Owen uses the words prayer and bells because it is comparing the deaths then and now. It is highlighting the main differences of unreels.Moving on Owen also appeals to our senses by using personification to describe the gun shooting on the battlefield. This technique of personification Is event In â€Å"monstrous anger AT teen guns† Owen gives teen gun unman counterblasts to make the reader understand the sight and sounds on the battlefield. 5) Where does Owen suggest that there is no dignity in suffering during the war time? Throughout the poem Owen suggests that there is no dignity in suffering during the war time. He compares natural death to deaths caused by the war.This is evident in â€Å"demented choirs of wailing shells† the choirs are described as â€Å"shrill† and â€Å"demented† which indicate dying during war was a disastrous, mad and pointless. However dying naturally would be the completely opposite as you would have calm and relaxing choirs singing hymns rather than â€Å"wailing shells†. 6) What techniques does Owen suggest that young men were taken out of their beautiful countryside homes and persuaded to go to the frontline? Owen uses may techniques to show that they were missed and taken out of their countryside homes.One of the techniques used by Owen is a metaphor on line 13 stanza 2 as shown in the phrase â€Å"their flowers the tenderness of silent maids†. The metaphor used he is showing flowers were replaced by there wife's and girlfriends when they died fighting for there country. Family and friends were taking the place of flowers and missed thee brothers, dads, children and wives. Moving on Owen uses another technique to show they would not have a proper and burial and will be missed by there loved ones at home.

Psychology †Consciousness Essay

Education in its general sense is a form of learning in which the knowledge, skills, and habits of a group of people are transferred from one generation to the next through teaching, training, or research. Education frequently takes place under the guidance of others, but may also be autodidactic. [1] Any experience that has a formative effect on the way one thinks, feels, or acts may be considered educational. the word â€Å"education† is derived from the Latin educatio (â€Å"A breeding, a bringing up, a rearing†) from educo (â€Å"I educate, I train†) which is related to the homonym educo (â€Å"I lead forth, I take out; I raise up, I erect†) from e- (â€Å"from, out of†) and duco (â€Å"I lead, I conduct†). PSYCHOLOGY It is the study of Psyche. Psyche it mean mind or soul as it appear in human. It is the totality of the human mind, conscious, and unconscious. The basic meaning of the Greek word psyche was â€Å"life† in the sense of â€Å"breath†, formed from the verb psyche derived meanings included â€Å"spirit†, â€Å"soul†, â€Å"ghost†, and ultimately â€Å"self† in the sense of â€Å"conscious personality† or â€Å"psyche I AM GROWING AS PERSON Like all children, when I was growing up all I ever wanted to do was to be big. I always kept a close eye on my role models (my parents) and always tried to do anything they did. The skills I learn and the attitude I acquired from a young age would be of immense help to me in my later years. From the age of five, the memories I have are those of following my father around the yard watching feeding animals. My father would sometimes give me a small jar / container that I could help him feed the animal and although the job I did was insignificant and most likely not done properly, i always got a sense of pride and satisfaction in my work. In my teenage years my role around the house had changed. My father was no longer around and my mother had the pressure of providing for my younger brother and myself. During school holidays I was responsible for looking after my brother and keeping the amused at the same time, not an easy task at all. During this time I had also managed to get casual employment. Although the money I earn was not significant but it was enough for me to pay for my hobbies and ease some pressure off my mother. Now as an adult I have a steady job. I have never seen myself as a victim from anyone because all the good and bad experiences of my younger years it have helped me become a successful and determined person. The support that I received and continue to receive from my family was also a major drive for me to want to succeed as well. I think that everyone’s life is always full of good and bad experiences. The key is to appreciate the good and find a way of turning a negative situation into a positive. For example, when my father was no longer around it could have been seen to be a negative situation. However, learning to look after my brother and earning a little pocket money was perhaps the best and most useful experiences I had. In humans, growing up can be physical, emotional, spiritual, and psychological. This means that a person becomes more mature as a result of changes in behavior, actions and thoughts that are experienced in the process of growing up. An individual’s character and personality are seen as very vital as they grow up. While growing up, there are many challenges that a person may come across, and the opportunities to become a good person are always there. Due to our uniqueness, we tend to express our beliefs, convictions, and thoughts differently. One very important attribute in relation to growing up is the physical development. Though physical development may not necessarily translate in to growing up, growing up is closely related to physical maturity. An individual is considered to grow up when they display good character and responsible behavior. The process of growing up is always accompanied by a certain level of transformation in an individual, where transformation either makes one a better person or a bad person. At some stage in our lives, we are expected to be changed through the process of growing up. The expectations of the others from us assist in cultivating our actions and behavior that show that we are grown up or we are growing up. An individual who practice self control and display good behavior is a good example of a person who is growing up. These attributes define a grown up person and if a person displays these attributes, the person can be said to be growing up towards the right direction. Discipline is very essential in achieving human fulfillment . Since a person who is growing up seeks this fulfillment, there is no doubt that the only way a person can achieve fulfillment is through discipline.

LAW 531 Week 1 Knowledge Check Essay

Which of the following is true of a corporation? Corporation owners are only taxed once on earnings. A corporation terminates upon the death of an owner. A corporation is a separate legal entity. Corporation shareholders are subject to unlimited personal liability. Correct 2 There are two general partners, each of whom contributes $5,000 in capital to a limited partnership. There are two limited partners, each of whom contributes $20,000. The total amount of capital contributed is $50,000. The limited partnership agreement does not stipulate how profits and losses are to be allocated. Assume that the limited partnership makes $300,000 in profits. Under the Revised Uniform Limited Partnership Act (RULPA), how much would each partner receive? Each general partner would receive $30,000, and each limited partner would receive $120,000. Each general partner would receive $50,000, and each limited partner would receive $100,000. https://newclassroom3.phoenix.edu/Quiz/Quiz.jsp?launchPresentationR†¦RIS:43590667&serverTime=2013-08-20T04:23:56.746+00:00#/view/result Page 1 of 6 8/19/13 9:24 PM Start Over All partners would receive $75,000, regardless of whether he or she is a general or limited partner. Each general partner would receive $120,000, and each limited partner would receive $30,000. Correct 3 Which of the following is true regarding mediation? A mediator does not make a decision or an award. If a settlement agreement is not reached in mediation, then the parties hire a new mediator. Was created by the Federal Mediation Act of 1925. A settlement agreement is never reached with a mediator. Correct 4 George has served Mary with a complaint alleging breach of contract. Mary has never been sued before and as such, she seeks your advice on what to do with the complaint. You advise that she answer George’s complaint but do not provide any affirmative defenses that George can use against her answer George’s complaint by admitting or denying the allegations George has asserted against her write a letter to the judge saying that George is mistaken should not respond to George’s complaint as an answer implies an admission Correct 5 Which of the following is true of arbitration? A judicial referee makes recommendations to the parties. One party usually drops the case. Parties can introduce evidence to support their case. A resolution may or may not be reached. Correct https://newclassroom3.phoenix.edu/Quiz/Quiz.jsp?launchPresentationR†¦RIS:43590667&serverTime=2013-08-20T04:23:56.746+00:00#/view/result Page 2 of 6 8/19/13 9:24 PM 6 Which of the following is one of the major purposes of a settlement conference? To conduct discovery for a case To contest the local court rules To facilitate the settlement of a case To structure a settlement payment schedule Correct 7 What is the effect of having a corporation as the general partner of a limited partnership? Each shareholder of the corporation will be treated as a limited partner of the limited partnership. The liability of the corporate general partner will be limited to the amount of its assets. The limited liability of the corporation will result in the limited partners having greater liability than they would otherwise. Each shareholder of the corporation will be treated as a general partner of the limited partnership. Correct 8 Which of the following is true about the choice of business entity for an entrepreneur? The choice is determined by the Internal Revenue Service based on all the facts and circumstances. The choice takes into account many factors, including finding an option that has all the characteristics desired. The choice is determined solely by whether the primary business is services or goods. The choice is determined solely by the amount of capital invested. Correct 9 Which form of alternative dispute resolution occurs when the parties choose an impartial third party to hear and decide their dispute? https://newclassroom3.phoenix.edu/Quiz/Quiz.jsp?launchPresentationR†¦RIS:43590667&serverTime=2013-08-20T04:23:56.746+00:00#/view/result Page 3 of 6 8/19/13 9:24 PM Minitrial Arbitration Conciliation Mediation Correct 10 Fred and Ginger are general partners in a business. They decide to purchase a building for the partnership. Ginger will put up the money for the building, and Fred will complete the remodeling. While inspecting the building, Fred is informed that the building is packed full of asbestos. He fails to tell Ginger of the presence of the substance. They buy the building and go into business. During the remodeling of the building, people from the neighborhood begin complaining about the dust from the building. Some of them even threaten to sue. Who is liable? Fred is liable because he was put on notice of the presence of the substance. Ginger is not liable because she did not have actual knowledge. Neither Ginger nor Fred are liable personally, nor is the partnership, as they did not put the substance in the building. Both Ginger and Fred are liable, regardless of the circumstances, by virtue of the fact that they are partners. Ginger is liable because she is the one who purchased the building. Fred is not liable, even though he had actual knowledge, because he did not purchase the building. Correct 11 Martha started a flower shop as a sole proprietor. After 1 year, she was forced to close the shop because business was so bad. At that time, the business assets totaled $50,000, but the business liabilities totaled $125,000. Which of the following statements is true? Martha’s business creditors can collect only the $50,000 of business assets. Once Martha terminates the sole proprietorship, she is no longer liable for the $50,000. Martha’s business creditors can collect only the $50,000 now, but if Martha ever goes into business again, they can get the assets of the new business. Martha is personally liable for the additional $75,000 owed to business creditors. Correct https://newclassroom3.phoenix.edu/Quiz/Quiz.jsp?launchPresentationR†¦RIS:43590667&serverTime=2013-08-20T04:23:56.746+00:00#/view/result Page 4 of 6 8/19/13 9:24 PM 12 Which type of business formation is typically reserved for professionals such as accountants, lawyers, and doctors? Limited Liability Company (LLC) Limited Liability Partnership (LLP) Franchise S-Corporation Correct 13 Which of the following is true in the creation of a general partnership? The name selected cannot indicate that it is a corporation. The business name must have the names of all the partners. The business cannot operate under a trade name. The business name cannot be a fictitious name. Correct 14 Which of the following is true of The Federal Arbitration Act? It permits an appeal for all arbitration awards. It provides that arbitration agreements are valid, irrevocable, and enforceable. It applies only to breach of contract disputes. It governs all types of alternative dispute resolution. Correct 15 When parties agree in advance to adhere to an arbitrator’s decision and award, it is known as binding arbitration https://newclassroom3.phoenix.edu/Quiz/Quiz.jsp?launchPresentationR†¦RIS:43590667&serverTime=2013-08-20T04:23:56.746+00:00#/view/result Page 5 of 6 8/19/13 9:24 PM arbitrator discretion appealable mediation Correct 16 The Black Squirrel limited partnership has been in operation for many years, but has recently fallen on hard times. The partners have decided to dissolve, although there are few assets remaining in the partnership. Shortly after the partnership filed its certificate of limited partnership, the partners had the foresight to incorporate into their partnership agreement a provision that, in the event of dissolution, the assets would be distributed in payment of claims first to limited partners, then to general partners, then to creditors. Hilda is a limited partner and feels relieved that she will receive at least a portion of her capital. Henry, one of the general partners, said that this provision is void and unenforceable. Which of the following best describes this situation? The provision placing limited partners ahead of general partners is unenforceable, thus all partners would be on an equal footing and ahead of creditors. The provision placing the partners ahead of creditors is not enforceable, but the priority of limited partners over general partners is enforceable. The distribution of assets in the event of dissolution is one of the few provisions where the Revised Uniform Limited Partnership Act does not allow modification. The distribution, as called for in the agreement, would be enforceable if it had been included in any filings related to the limited partnership. Incorrect https://newclassroom3.phoenix.edu/Quiz/Quiz.jsp?launchPresentationR†¦RIS:43590667&serverTime=2013-08-20T04:23:56.746+00:00#/view/result

More testing, More learning Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

More testing, More learning - Essay Example No less no more to the usual mid and final exams, O’Malley discusses on how exactly instructors do less about unusual rhetorical situation, but humbly addressing professors to revise the feelings in campus we find that it is at the end of time we sweat most because of un-aided preparedness. I fully agree with the sentiments given by the author of this essay in relations to the learning of students while in college. Similarly to the sentiments of the essay’s author usually find my heart pounding during exams, because it feels like am approaching a tough stranger am not used to, whether or not my scores will be better, relies on my experience with an examination. O’Malley’s emphasis stands at how the management doesn’t find means like brief examination to encourage frequent studying, and the failure to motivate students’ best performance. If professors give additional short exams at constant experience, students would feel more obligated to strike back and give back by studying more regularly, learn more and improve on their performance. O’Malley’s essay can be used to criticize some highly repeated by students in schools, but most valuable thing to use. Due to what I have most time learned about the responsibilities, possibilities and problems exams, Marley interviewed several professors and the results of his the effectiveness of his essay that his writing lie on the case of several students. Marley states that â€Å"researchers found that even â€Å"low† procrastinators did not study regularly and recommended that professors give frequent assignments and exams to reduce procrastination and increase achievement† this highlights the situation that Sometimes a student might totally have no mood to train nor a lecturer to have all the courage to virtually set the bulk of work given throughout a term into brief assignments so to make it sink technically into the student’s brains by doing frequent short exam, however,

Discuss the role of multinationals in the globalisation of innovation Essay - 1

Discuss the role of multinationals in the globalisation of innovation - Essay Example Strategies employed by MNEs in the globalisation of innovation One strategy used by MNEs is foreign direct investment (FDI) where MNEs acquire existing assets abroad or set up new wholly or majority owned investments abroad. Other modalities of spreading innovation by MNEs include trade, licensing, cross-patenting initiatives, and international scientific and technological collaborations. Trade involves the exchange of sophisticated products such as electrical and electronic products, precision instruments, fine chemicals and pharmaceuticals (Narula and Zanfei, 2003, P.7). Exports of such products and especially information and technology products worldwide rose from 8% in 1976 to 23% in 2000. The massive increase in the share of world trade represented by research and development intensive sectors signals an increase in globalisation of innovation (Narula and Guimon, 2009, P.5). There has been a steady growth in international patenting trends characterised by non-resident patenting, which is patent applications of foreign investors in a country, and external patenting, which is patent applications of national investors abroad. ... STPs are more common in the domain of biotechnology, new materials and information technology and oftenly involve Triad nations rather than emerging economies. Developed nations’ firms take up over 90% of STP agreements while the share of STPs involving developing country firms is in the range of 5-6%. 70% of all STPs have had at least one US partner since 1960 (UNCTAD, 2005, P.51). The concentration of STPs in highly industrialised countries together with the involvement of American firms can be attributed to the fact that industrialised countries are the largest investors in R&D (Welfens, 1999, P.342). As a result of government regulation, some MNEs are forced to adopt STPs in place of internal innovation. Such situations include where firms form R&D alliances aiming to enter foreign markets protected by non-tariff barriers such environmental regulation in the chemical industries or safety standards in the automobile industry. STPs are common where partner companies share co mplementary capabilities and the integration creates a greater degree of interaction between the partner’s respective paths of learning and innovation. Cooperation helps firms keep up with technological advancements and assists firms in exploring and exploiting emerging technological opportunities (Chen, 2003, P.397). MNEs engage in considerable intra-firm and inter-firm trade with industrialised countries, and this contributed almost 90% of all outbound FDI in 2001. Most of the firms engaged in FDI are also key players in the generation and diffusion of innovation. Over 30% of the top 100 MNEs are involved in R&D intensive industries such as electronic and electrical equipment,

The affect of the healthcare reform on for-profit vs. non-profit Research Paper

The affect of the healthcare reform on for-profit vs. non-profit hospitals - Research Paper Example Health insurance and public health have been in the front line in this kind of debates as well as to what extent should the state offer assistance. Provision of healthcare is a task that encompasses provision of various healthcare services, relevant equipments to hospitals, pharmaceutical products, life sciences funding and funding in biotechnology. The activities that relate to healthcare and the centers where this is carried out include the hospitals, nursing and elderly homes, those involved in provision of healthcare plans, provision of laboratory services, drug manufacturing and delivery, diagnostic substances and biotechnology itself. Therefore, this is a line that required care to handle in the case of governments as it is a resource intensive sector. This also shows how the introduction as well as implementation of reforms can be quite a task as the stakeholders involved are many resulting to many and divergent views (Woolhandler 1997). This is what characterized the healthcare reforms bill that Obama administration brought forth. Healthcare reforms in a broader sense aim at placing more people under the health care bracket with the intervention of the government (public sector) and the private companies which offer health insurance (Congressional Budget Office 2010). The other aim is to increase the accessibility of health services and health specialists while at the same time ensuring quality improvement in regards to health care and at a relatively lower cost. The reforms also should focus on increasing the number of the providers of health care among which consumers will choose. In the United States in particular issues of healthcare reforms mostly relate to the sustainability of programs adopted, government spending on these reforms, the right to heath care, the fairness to the various people in the society, quality of the health care provided and

Field Inventory Assignment Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1750 words

Field Inventory Assignment - Essay Example This essay stresses that different activities happen in this holy and secular places. For instance, the altar is holy, and it where the priest stands when presiding over the mass and all the Bible readings take place there. On the other hand, the unholy place is used for sitting and no serious activity takes place. In addition, in the altar and other holy places are religious objects, including crosses and sculptures of martyrs. These religious art objects to play different roles in the congregation and the Catholic Church, in general. For instance, the arts of martyrs remind the congregation the importance of faith. The cross reminds them of the death of Jesus Christ, who is also their Savior. This paper makes a conclusion that members of the congregation are expected to sing with others, pay attention and quiet as well as to keep a distance from holy places within the church. These rules come from the Catholic doctrine formed a long time ago at the beginning of Christianity. They are presented to Catholics through an initiation process known as catechism. During my time at the church, the priest discussed singing as an ethical principle as he encouraged people to sing. The project affected the author's understanding of Christianity and the society he is part because people do not pray the same. There are different forms of prayers as evidenced it the church he attended. Therefore, he has come to realize that we are different in terms of the way we conduct prayer services even though we come from the same society.

Native American Iconography and depictions in Art of 18th and early Research Paper

Native American Iconography and depictions in Art of 18th and early 19th century - Research Paper Example While not all such depictions were blatantly racist or derogatory (though of course some were), almost all contributed in some way to the dissolution of the Native American culture that is seen today. One of the most well-known artists and writers of the late 1800s is George Catlin. Catlin traveled extensively in North America, South America, and Europe, and wrote numerous illustrated books about his experiences (Reich 111). One of these was the ponderously titled â€Å"Letters and notes on the manners, customs, and condition of the North American Indians†, in which Catlin describes at length many of the tribes of North American native that existed while he was traveling (Catlin and Shippard). In both his words and his sketches, Catlin seems to have the utmost respect for the people about whom he is writing, at least relative to other writers of his time. For example, in Plate 11 of â€Å"Letters and notes†, Catlin sketches a man named Stu-mick-o-sucks, who was at that time the chief of the Blackfoot Nation, and in Plate 13 sketches his wife Eeh-nis-kim. Catlin makes positive comments about their ceremonial dress that they were wearing when he drew them, and states that Eeh-nis-kim had a â€Å"pleasing countenance†. He also referred to Stu-mick-o-sucks as a â€Å"dignity†, in the same way that he might refer to a foreign king of Europe (Catlin and Shippard). In addition to his sketches of Stu-mick-o-sucks, Catlin sketched other warriors and Native American tribesmen in their full ceremonial dress. These sketches made up Plates 29-31 in â€Å"Letters and notes†. He referred to their clothing as â€Å"handsome† and in all ways indicated that he found their clothing to be interesting and even beautiful. This viewpoint differed from others of his time that found their manner of dress to be primitive and barbaric (Catlin and Shippard). Catlin expounds at length on the methods that the Native Americans used to soften the leather that

Miranda Priestly's personality in The Devil Wears Prada Essay - 1

Miranda Priestly's personality in The Devil Wears Prada - Essay Example Similarly, Eysenck also attributed another personality dimension – extraversion, or alternatively introversion, to the question of balance in the brain between excitation and inhibition.(Boeree, 2006). As a result, the introverted person has poor levels of inhibition and may therefore be able to remember in acute and embarrassing detail, every detail of a traumatic or humiliating event. They will have a tendency to adopt particular behavioral patterns to hold off the panic associated with such memories, which will ensure that such behavior is not repeated ever again. This may even develop to the extent of becoming obsessive-compulsive behavior. Priestley’s character demonstrates several obsessive-compulsive behavioral traits that appear to suggest that she is an introverted kind of personality with low levels of inhibition which she tries to compensate for through compulsive behavioral patterns. One of these is her habit of discarding her overcoat prominently on the desk of her assistant and making unreasonable demands which must be instantly satisfied. Priestley’s quest is to attain perfection and success in her job, and she is in a position of constant pressure to maintain those impossibly high standards of perfection. In order to mask her fear of failure, she has developed certain patterns of behavior that manifest as harassment of her assistants, in order to hold off the inner panic and allow herself to feel powerful and omnipotent in her organization. The knowledge that the life of her assistants hinges on her whims and temperamental demands serves to allow Priestley to enjoy the sense of power that holds off her inner panic. While extraverts are able to easily forget and overcome things that overwhelm them, introverts have a highly developed memory and recall everything in acute and painful detail. This serves to explain

Clinical Chemistry Lab Report Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Clinical Chemistry - Lab Report Example These tests may be used to monitor the progress of kidney dysfunction, to evaluate kidney function prior to some procedures, such as a CT (computed tomography) scan, to calculate a creatinine clearance: measures how effectively the kidneys are filtering small molecules like creatinine out of the blood. Urine creatinine may also be used with a variety of other urine tests as a sort of correction factor. Serum creatinine is used to calculate the estimated glomerular filtration rate (EGFR), which is used as a screening test to look for evidence of kidney damage. ("Creatinine") 21. The chemical formula of cocaine is C17H21NO4 , and Crack is [C16H20NO4 ] is very similar indeed. They both contain same number of carbon atoms and oxygen but while regular cocaine has a dissociated NH+ and Cl-, Crack cocaine is an amine because it contains a nitrogen atom bonded to three carbons. 22. Cocaine Hydrochloride can be converted into crack by dissolving powder cocaine is dissolved in a mixture of water and sodium bicarbonate (baking soda). Baking soda with chemical formula NaHCO3 is now most often used as a base rather than ammonia for reasons of lowered stench and toxicity. The mixture is boiled to separate out the solid, and then it's cooled. The solid is then dried and cut up into small nuggets, or "rocks." (Watson, n.a). The reaction is proceeds as follows: 23.

Ebay in China Essay Example for Free

Ebay in China Essay The joint venture with Tom Online will allow eBay to enter the Chinese rapidly growing market. In 2007, China experienced a technology boom in which more people were using the Internet than ever before. Besides the rocket increase of Internet usage in China, E-Commerce is growing as well. With the power and influence of Tom Online, eBay has a unique opportunity to grab the market share of a billion people in China. EBay can benefit a lot from the joint venture with Tom online. Tom Online will help eBay reach millions of people through Internet as well as the mobile Internet. Graph 1 shows that China experienced an exponentially growing in Internet usage. From 2005 to 2007, the Internet users in China doubled from 111million to 205 million. The big population of China almost guaranteed Internet usage growth. With the increase of Internet usage in China, the online shopping also grows rapidly. According to graph 2, online transaction value in China jumped from 3.9 billion RMB to 23.1 billon, representing an incredible growth rate of 253%. All the statistics above strongly prove that China is the perfect market for eBay to tap into. In addition to the great potentials of the market of China, the new marketplace will bring together the strengths of both companies. EBay EachNet’s global e-commerce knowledge and large and active trading community in China, and TOM Online’s local market knowledge and active wireless user base of more than 75 million. The new marketplace will bring enhanced online and mobile opportunities to buyers and sellers in China, evolving eBay’s participation in China and extending TOM Online’s wireless service portfolio into m-commerce. Upon the launch of the new marketplace, eBay EachNet users will be invited to transition to the new site, a nd TOM Online will work to deliver its user traffic to the site as well. Risks On the other hand, it is also risky for ebay to form the joint venture with Tom Online. EBay must pay close attention to Tom Online and their strategy in the market. Instead of eBay, it is Tom Online that has the majority share in Tom EachNet at 51%. EBay has injected over $40 million into Tom EachNet,  while Tom Online only contributed $20 million (along with knowledge, technology, and brand value). It is clear that eBay has more to lose in the deal, while Tom Online is simply negotiating their presence in China. EBay must work closely with Tom Online to ensure that their visions for Tom EachNet are similar, and a common strategy is taken to succeed. China’s business culture is another obstacle that eBay must monitor closely. Tom Online does have extremely well connection with the Chinese government, and eBay must be sure to take advantage of the TOM Online’s political networks in China. .

Managing and Reducing Cardiovascular Risk in Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus Essay Example for Free

Managing and Reducing Cardiovascular Risk in Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus Essay Diabetes mellitus is a metabolic disorder in which the body’s capacity to make use of glucose, fat and protein is disturbed due to insulin deficiency or insulin resistance. It is a hormone secreted from pancreas that helps glucose from food to enter the bodys cells where it is transformed into energy required by muscles and tissues to function. Diabetes is caused either because the pancreas does not secrete adequate insulin, or because cells do not react to the insulin that is produced. Due to this reason, an individual with diabetes does not take up glucose appropriately and glucose continues circulating in the blood (hyperglycaemia) harming tissues over time. This damage leads to acute health complications. The classic symptoms of diabetes mellitus are, Polyuria ,Polydipsia ,Polyphagia ,lethargy and weight loss. There are many causes for high blood glucose levels in the body and so a number of types of diabetes exist. Diabetes mellitus occur throughout the world. Based on the study conducted by IDF, the number of diabetics on earth stands at 365 million nearly 8. 5% of the global population. It is more widespread in the more developed countries. The greatest raise in incidence is, however, expected to happen in Africa and Asia, where majority of the diabetes patients will most likely be found by 2030. Diabetes mellitus is categorised into four broad groups: Type 1, Type 2, Gestational diabetes other specific types. Scientists in US have found a Type 3 diabetes, it is still continuing further study. Type 1 diabetes is absolute insulin deficiency usually affects children and young adults. Type 2 Diabetes is an insidious progressive disease that is often diagnosed late when complication are present. Dunning (2004) described it as a long term complication with neuropathy, cardiovascular disease and retinopathy. It is a universal metabolic disorder affecting more than 2 million people in the United Kingdom and up to 750,000 more are expected to have it without knowing they do. Studies conducted show that 80% of population affected by diabetes live in developing and underdeveloped countries and the majority of people with diabetes is between 40 to 59 years of age. It is also estimated that 183 million people (50%) with diabetes are undiagnosed. It is noticed that Diabetes caused 4. million deaths in 2011 and caused sharp increase in medical expenditure. I am a staff nurse working in the cardiac ward and we often receive patients with cardiac problems as a long term complication of type 2 diabetes. Cardiovascular disease is a major cause of hospital admission and mortality in people with diabetes. Most of them are not diagnosed until they are admitted. During the course of this study the medical history and care and treatment provided to a patient named Mr M Davies who was admitted in my ward is chosen to learn about managing and reducing cardiovascular disease among patients with type 2 diabetes. In 1998 UKPDS pointed out the importance of reducing lipids blood pressure and blood Glucose to reduce the risk of cardiovascular disease. Hypertension leads to thicker, less elastic blood vessel walls and increase the strain on the heart. Studies indicated that there is a linear correlation between the diastolic blood pressure and the eventual outcome of type 2 diabetes. Standl Schnell (2000) pointed out that as a result of ischemia-induced remodelling subtle changes occur in the heart and the effects of hyperglycaemia on the endothelium of large blood vessels that causes heart to failure. Mr M Davies (Mr.  MD) is a 61-year-old pensioner with a 4 years history of type 2 diabetes. He was diagnosed in 2008 and he had symptoms of hyperglycaemia for 2 years before diagnosis. His fasting blood glucose records indicated values of 6–7 mmol/L, which were explained to him as symptomatic of â€Å"borderline diabetes. † During the preliminary diagnosis, he was advised to reduce weight (â€Å"at least 10 lb. †), but no further action was taken. Other medical problems include obesity and hypertension. He was admitted in the ward with recurrent chest pain. (Appendix 1) This assignment is about managing and reducing cardiovascular risk in type 2 diabetes mellitus. Heart disease is well acknowledged as a chronic problem of diabetes, and is the major reason of morbidity and mortality in patients from middle-age onwards. Type 2 diabetes is associated at the onset with risk factors for heart disease such as hypertension and obesity, raising the question of whether diabetes is the independent risk factor for heart disease. In 2001 Morrish et al pointed out that the majority of cardiovascular deaths are specifically due to heart disease and this is supported by Fisher, Miles, (2008) commenting that heart disease is the major cause of morbidity and mortality at young as well as older ages. Butler (1997) said that increased life expectancy has led to an increase in the number of people over 65 years of in both the developed and developing worlds. Marso (2003) pointed out that due to the clear association between age and the development diabetes, this increase in the number of older individuals in the population will inevitably contribute to the increased prevalence of diabetes. Watkins (2008) mentioned that Type 2 diabetes is a disease of relative prosperity, prosperity leads to overweight and physical indolence. Insulin resistance, increasing with obesity, associated with progressive failure of insulin secretion in relation to ageing underlies the development of diabetes. It is anticipated that by 2025 the number of people with type 2 diabetes will be around 380 million and people with impaired glucose tolerance will be around 418 million. Diabetes is the foremost global cause of premature mortality that is broadly underestimated, because only a few among the diabetic patients die from reasons uniquely related to the condition. Nearly one half of type 2 diabetes patients die prematurely of a cardiovascular reason and approximately 10% die of renal failure. Diabetes is a condition that required to be managed every day. The management of Diabetes can refer to dealing with short term measures like high and low blood sugar to regulating it over the long term for instance by attaining to grips with knowing the condition. All patients with Type 2 diabetes require active dietary management throughout their disease. Watkins (2008) pointed out that weight loss in the obese is extremely valuable but is separate from dietary manipulations to control blood glucose. Treatment typically includes diet control, exercise, monitoring blood sugar at home, and in some cases, oral medication and/or taking insulin. Based on the type diabetes medicines are classified into different groups and each category of diabetes pills functions differently. Commonly used medicines to control diabetes are Sulfonylureas, Thiazolidinediones, Biguanides, Alpha-glucosidase inhibitors, Meglitinides and, Dipeptidyl peptidase IV. Sulfonylureas reduce blood sugar by stimulating the pancreas to produce more insulin. Sulfonylureas medicines like Glimeperide, Gliclazide,. Biguanides improve insulins capacity to transfer sugar into cells particularly into the muscle cells. They also stop the liver from releasing stored sugar. Biguanides are not advised to be used in people who have heart failure or kidney damage. Biguanides medicines such as Metformin. Thiazolidinediones like Pioglitazone and Rosiglitazone enhances effectiveness of insulin in muscle and in fat tissue. Alpha-glucosidase inhibitors, such as Precose (acarbose) and Glyset (miglitol) prevent enzymes that help digest starches, reducing the rise in blood sugar. These medicines may cause diarrhea or gas. They can decrease hemoglobin A1c by 0. 5%-1%. Meglitinides, like Prandin (repaglinide) and Starlix (nateglinide) reduces blood sugar level by stimulating the pancreas to secreate more insulin. Dipeptidyl peptidase IV (DPP-IV) inhibitors, such as Januvia (sitagliptin), Onglyza (saxagliptin), and Tradjenta (linagliptin) lowers blood sugar level in patients with type 2 diabetes by accelerating insulin secretion from the pancreas and lowering sugar production. The case history of Mr. MD indicated that he was advised to manage blood sugar level by diet control and regular exercise. It was also advised to take metformin 1000mg twice a day when diet and exercise are not enough to manage blood sugar level. The history showed that Mr. MD was non-compliance with any of these. On admission his random blood sugar was 20 mmol/L. As he was unable to tolerate oral intake due to nausea and chest pain, GKI was commenced for a day to control his blood sugar. On second day his blood sugar level was controlled and he started eating and drinking normally. Mr MD was referred to diabetic specialist nurse and dietician . Diabetic specialist nurse advised to stop GKI and advised to start OHA. Mr. MD commenced on metformin 1000mg three times a day (Learning outcome 1). Metformin has long been accepted as a appropriate first-line choice of oral medicine for Type 2 diabetes as it is the only oral hypoglycaemic agent related with no weight gain or even weight reduction. They decrease hepatic gluconeogenesis, boost peripheral glucose uptake and also lower the absorption of carbohydrate from the gut lumen. Because metformin functions on insulin sensitivity and with only endogenous glucose stimulated insulin secretion, it virtually never causes hypoglycaemia on its own and patients using it with diet and exercise do not need routinely to self-monitor blood glucose. The UK Prospective Diabetes Study (UKPDS, 2002) demonstrated a significant survival advantage for Type 2 patients started on metformin as first-line therapy, with less cardiovascular mortality, although it should be noted that they only used the drug in obese patients. Obesity is a worldwide problem. Barnett (2009) pointed out that obesity and overweight are independent risk factors for cardiovascular morbidity and mortality. Various studies reveal that obesity is a major cardiovascular disease risk factor across world’s populations. Risk of morbidity and mortality begins to increase at body mass index (BMI) 25 kg/m 2 and the risk raises sharply at BMI 30 kg/m 2. Each kilogram of weight put on from the age of 18 years was linked with 3. 1% higher risk of cardiovascular disease. In 1998 Gunnell observed that over weight in adolescence is a forecaster of these dangers in adulthood . These finding were supported by Must in 1992,who explained that this increased risk extends to overweight children and adolescents, who may be at risk of premature cardiovascular morbidity and death. The mechanism by which obesity causes increased cardiovascular morbidity and mortality is attributed to associated co-morbidities and risk factors such as hypertension, dyslipidaemia, type 2 diabetes and insulin resistance. The co-occurrence of some or all of these risk factors along with obesity is termed the cardiometabolic syndrome. On examination it was noticed that Mr.  MD has a high BMI (30. 9). West (2007). Suggested that addressing obesity is an essential aspect of managing diabetes, because type2 diabetes and many other health problems coexist. However it is important to consider the individual’s specific nutritional needs rather than just providing them with a ‘weight loss plan,’ ‘diabetic diet,’ a ‘standard meal plan or information about healthy eating. ’ Mr. MD was referred to the dietician. Dietician gave dietary advice and educated about importance of weight management by diet and regular exercise. He was advised to avoid take-away foods, reduce alcohol consumption and taking balanced food to prevent hypo and hyper glycaemia (Learning outcome 1).. Hypertension-Prevention Management is very important in the management of metabolic diseases. In 1985 Modan et al pointed out that there is a strong relationship between high blood pressure and insulin resistance. This findings is supported by Reaven, (1999) . He said that the prevalence of insulin resistance in hypertension has been estimated at 50%. Scheen, (2004) proposed several possible mechanisms for this. Coutinho et al. (1999) said that impaired fasting blood glucose is related with high cardiovascular risk particularly if accompanied by hypertension. Henry et al. , (2002) said that in people with diabetes, cardiovascular disease risk is increased two to fourfold compared with those with normal glucose tolerance. This was supported by the study conducted by Heffner et al. , (1998) who said that diabetic people without past history of myocardial infarction may have as high a risk of myocardial infarction as non-diabetic patients with a history of previous myocardial infarction. Non-pharmacological interventions are cheap than pharmacological interventions and have no known dangerous effects. A range of lifestyle changes reduce blood pressure and the occurrence of hypertension. Non-pharmacological interventions such as weight loss in the overweight, exercise programmes, limiting alcohol intake and a diet with increased fruit and vegetables and limited saturated fat content, minimising dietary sodium consumption and increased dietary potassium intake. From the medical history of Mr MD it is noticed that he was taking Ramipril 5 mg/day and bisoprolol2. mg/daily. It is established that where non-pharmacological interventions are not enough to achieve the objectives then Pharmacological interventions are required. Several drug treatments are of proven value in minimising cardiovascular risk in people with diabetes and hypertension. Low-dose aspirin is suggested in diabetes whether or not there is evidence of large vessel disease. Williams et al. , (2004) noticed that the British Hypertension Society recommends 75 mg of aspirin for all with hypertension and diabetes, unless contraindicated. Antihypertensive therapy diminishes the risk of macrovascular complications by around 20%. Reducing blood pressure reduces progression of retinopathy, albuminuria and progression to nephropathy. Staessen et al. , (1997) observed that clinical trials with ACE inhibitors, beta-blockers, diuretics, angiotensin receptor blockers and calcium channel blockers have demonstrated benefit of treatment of hypertension in type 2 diabetes (Learning outcome 1).. On admission blood pressure level of Mr MD was very high. He was recommended treatment with antihypertensive drugs. Consultant prescribed Losartan 100 mg/day and increased ACE inhibitor (ramipril 10 mg/day) and beta-blocker (bisoprolol 5 mg/dayl). Studies show that treatment with ramipril in addition to standard therapy minimised combined myocardial infarction, stroke and cardiovascular death by about 25% and stroke by 33% compared with placebo plus conventional methods. This was supported by Sowers and Haffner, (2002) saying that almost all patients with hypertension and diabetes require combinations of blood pressure reducing drugs to attain the recommended blood pressure targets. During the treatment Mr. MD was advised non-pharmacological methods of blood pressure management and importance of diet control and referred to cardiac rehabilitation for regular exercise. Management of high cholesterol plays an important role in the management of diabetes. Lipid abnormalities are common in type 2 diabetes and can be broadly categorized into two groups: those that are common to the general population, for example elevated total and LDL cholesterol; and additional diabetes-related abnormalities, for example elevated triglycerides and reduced HDL cholesterol. Current US and European guidelines emphasize reducing LDL-C level to less than 100 mg/dL (2. 59 mmol/L). To reduce the cholesterol Mr. MD was undergone intensive lipid-lowering treatment with atorvastatin 80 mg/day. Dietary therapy was also a part of the treatment which was found effective to lower Lipids. Interventions to stabilize lipids in order to decrease the risk of CVD are warranted in people with type 2 diabetes. Both Fibrates and Statins improve lipid profiles in people with diabetes. Many studies have established the safety and effectiveness of the fibrates (gemfibrozil, bezofibrate, fenofibrate) in diabetes. Fibrates stimulate the peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-a, changing the expression of a number of enzymes that regulate lipid metabolism, including lipoprotein lipase. Statins inhibit hepatic 3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl coenzyme A reductase, which is rate restrictive in cholesterol production. Another major strategy in the management diabetes is lifestyle interventions. Lifestyle interventions can progress lipid levels. Studies conducted on weight loss and lipids in type 2 diabetes have varied greatly as to the study diet, design and duration. A Meta-analysis of 89 studies and 1800 subjects with type 2 diabetes reported that a weight loss of 5% or greater reduced triglyceride levels by 10 ±40% and total cholesterol by 5 ±15%. These effects were greatest with very low-calorie diets, and the effects were seen in studies up to 6 months. A variety of diets can alter the lipid profile in people with type 2 diabetes. The organisation of diabetes care is very important in the long term management of diabetes care. Diabetes is the significant disease confronting the United Kingdoms (UK) health care system. As a result, understanding how best to manage diabetes facilities is an important area if the health system is going to deal with the growth in both the demand for and cost of diabetes treatment. Care should be planed at reducing symptoms and minimizing the danger of long-term problems. It is pointed out that a proper balance of glucose and other cardiovascular risk factors such as smoking, hypertension, inactive lifestyle, dyslipidaemia and obesity is very crucial (UKPDS, 2002) in the organisation care of diabetes.

Developed Nations and Underdeveloped Nations Economic Growth

Developed Nations and Underdeveloped Nations Economic Growth Forecasting the gap of Economical Growth between the Developed Nations and Underdeveloped Nations (Application of Winter Forecasting). Muhammad Bilal Literature Review: In 1981 street of Beijing, China was filled with pedestrians, bicycles, a few cars and small buildings. Thirty years later the same street having traffic-jam of cars and skyscrapers. How this city transformed into a mega-city having underground train stations, state of the art technology and high standards of living. This is the effect of sustain and rapid economic development. What is economic development? and how we can obtain these astonishing results out of it. During the speech of 1949, US President Harry Truman, identified the main concern for the west is development of underdeveloped region. The term Economic Development is generally used in many other synonymous terms such as economic growth, economic welfare, secular change and economic progress. Economic development, as it is now generally understood, includes the development of agriculture, industry, trade, transport, means of irrigation, power resources, etc. Economic development has been defined in different ways and as such it is difficult to locate any single definition which may be regarded entirely satisfactory. Economic development applies in the context of peoples sense of morals (Normative Concept). Michael Todaro defines economic development as an raise in living standards, self-esteem and freedom from unjust exercise of authority as well as a greater options. Distinction was drawn between standards of living (subjective or value based concept of economic development) and levels of living (objective and fact based concept) in article International Definition and Measurement of Standards and Levels of Living (UN, 1954). Positive economics or levels of living can be tested. So we can say that economic development is the quantitative and qualitative changes in the economy. Economic development is sum of actions of policy makers and communities that encourage the standard of living and economic health. Such actions can involve multiple dimensions including development of human capital, critical infrastructure, regional competitiveness, environmental sustainability, social inclusion, health, safety, literacy, and other initiatives. Economic development and economic growth are different concept. Whereas economic development concern with policy intervention which originated in aftermath of war the reconstruction started by the US. The economic development of a nation or humanity is generally linked with growing incomes and associated increases in consumption, investment, and savings. These points are clearly open to debate. Dictionary of Economics’ article on Development Economics, Bell (1989) utilized the pioneer and latecomer as an organizing framework given that independent countries start out as poor in a world where at that point rich nation. Economic development was visually perceived as a process in which latecomer get closer to pioneers. Per capita income can be use as proxy for measurement of development as various social indicators for instance educational attainment, health, etc. As discussed above, it is sensible to come to the point that international organizations approach to ‘development construct’ are very differently. One justification for this variety of concept is that economic theory does not give any direction to that matter. Although another explanation is that every organization has their own specific mandate therefore may approach this matter with different mindset and perception. Economic development refers to an upward trend in real national output over a long period. Although the upward trend means that each successive cyclical peak and trough is generally at a higher level of real national output than the preceding peak and trough respectively. There is a positive relationship between the real national income and economic development if all other things remain the same. Higher real national income of a country is considered to be an indication of higher economic development and vice versa. In Short it is implies that the real national income is a good tool for measuring economic development of a country. However it could be an inadequate tool for measuring economic development, but it can be used for global development comparisons among nations. Purchasing power of national income should be taken into account while quantifying economic development. There is another method (HDI) for measuring development which takes into account the literacy rates and life expectancy which affects output and could result in Economic Growth. It also entails raise in the per capita income. Economic development leads to the economic growth which is a necessary condition but not sufficient and we can say Economic growth follows many different ways, and not all of them are sustainable. Certainly, there are numerous researchers who argue that globe has limited resources so any form of economic growth is sooner or later unsustainable. Economic Growth does not consider the reduction in natural resources which might lead to greenhouse gasses, overcrowding and diseases. Development however is concerned with sustainability which means meet the requirements of the present with no compromise on future. From now on we take a look at what exactly Economic Growth is and will go through some measures of it. Economic growth is the increase in the capacity or increase in the market worth of the goods and services produced by a country over period. Economic growth indicator like GDP is used to compare economy of one period of time to another or one country to other. It is traditionally calculated in nominal term (which means inflation adjusted GDP), the ratio of GDP to population; it is also called per capita income. -Economic growth is a process in which country achieve high real national income in long period of time. There are a few approaches to gauge Economic growth. The fact should be consider while using Economic Growth as proxy for economic development that it does not take into consideration the informal economy also known as the black economy. Development improves the standards of living and proper employment with appropriate shelter. Consequently, as well known economist Amartya Sen points out that Economic Growth is a piece of the big puzzle the economic development. During the period of high inflation the Growth rate may be much higher. The fact should be considered that growth rate (in short term) also rise and fall with business cycles. Economic boom accompanied the rising inflation which is followed by recession. It has been observed by statisticians that Developed countries have higher GDP per capita (Easterly 2002). It is argue that GDP per capita may increase due to the increment in incomes of richer groups in the society so we can say that per capita GDP growth may not reduce the poverty or societal development. It is observed by Dependency theorists that poor nations sometimes experience economic growth with modest or no economic development initiatives. There are many indicator of economic growth like Increase in the capital, progress in technology, and enchantment in the quality and literacy Rate are considered to be the main factors of economic growth. Recently the idea of sustainable growth has brought in additional factors. Underdeveloped nations which are not using their resources fully and having lower livelihood, low Human Development Index (HDI) as compared to other countries. A GDP that is growing at a high rate is thought to be greatest sign that an economy is developing and thriving. This is the reason nations like China and Brazil were considered so important in 2010s. It wasnt on account of they had gotten to be major economic power it was on the argument that they were headed to wind up major financial powers because of their high GDP development rates. So nations regularly stay informed regarding how rapid different nations are developing to anticipate (describe a possible future event) what the worldwide economy will look like later on. Influential economies need to know who their new enemies will be. Gross Domestic Product (GDP) is a sort of monetary apparatus that is used by governments and economists as a method for measuring economic growth in an expressed period. For the most part, the estimation of GDP is used because of its significance in the figuring of how well the economy is performing. All things considered, the relationship in the betw een the GDP and economic growth is the way that GDP serves as a method for study how an economy is acting. GDP tries to gauge the aggregate utilization of resource inside the economy. Although, GDP is a part measure of the numerous features of our modern economy. The most well-known refrain went for GDP is that it lets us know minimal about our general or individual monetary welfare. Development concerns not only mans material needs but also the improvement of the social condition of his life. Development is, therefore, not only economic growth, but growth plus change in social, cultural and institutional as well as economic. This definition encompasses economic and non-economic aspects of development the central point of this definition is that quantitative and qualitative changes in development variables are considered essential ingredients of economic development. Thus, we can conclude that economic development is a process rather than the result of it which results in a rise in real national income, and the net national product must have a sustained increase i.e., it must be over a long period of time. How do we construct a classification system based on countries development attainment? The World Bank and the IMF approach this issue differently. Do high levels of GDP necessarily correspond with high levels of development? Necessarily not because countries like India and China having way higher levels of GDP than countries like Belgium and New Zealand, but hardly any would suggest that latter are economically less developed than the former. Main reason behind that may be politically acceptable minimum living standards differ greatly from country to country it implies poverty lines are country specific, which hinder comparison of countries with respect to their economic development. There is no criterion (either grounded in theory or based on an objective benchmark) that is generally accepted for classifying countries according to their level of development because development is not a concept that can provide a basis upon which countries can be classified. There are large differences in the standard of living enjoyed by citizens of different countries. For example, in 2009 a citizen in Burkina Faso earned on average US$510 as compared to US$37,870 for a Japanese citizen, and while in Burkina Faso 29 percent of the adult population was literate and a new-born baby could expect to live 53 years, virtually all adults in Japan were literate and a Japanese new-born baby could expect to live 83 years. Another possible justification for the absence of a generally accepted classification system is the inherent normative nature of any such system. In 1960s developing and developed words are became the more common way to characterize countries, especially in the context of policy discussions on transferring real resources from richer (developed) to poorer (developing) countries (Pearson et al, 1969). This could suggest that a developing/developed country dichotomy is too restrictive and that a classification system with more than two categories could better capture the diversity in development outcomes across countries. It is more complicated develop a classification system. There are two problems that need to be addressed. One, it is not clear what is the correct number of categories. Two countries measured development attainment are most likely all different and a procedure is needed to tweak the development attainments that is to say construct a synthetic distribution to ensure that countries within each category have the same. A developed economy is the characterized by increase in capital resources, improvement in efficiency of labor, better organization of production in all spheres, development of means of transport and communication, growth of banks and other financial institutions, urbanization and a rise in the level of living, improvement in the standards of education and expectation of life, greater leisure and more recreation facilities and the widening of the mental horizon of the people. 1) Significance of Industrial Sector. 2) High Rate of Capital Formation. 3) Use of High Production Techniques and Skills. A country that is less  developed  economically  than most others, with little  industry  and little  money  spent  on  education,  healthcare. There is huge debate on this topic that which countries fit these two categories of developed and underdeveloped, although GDP is general reference points to compare nations. This paper use time series method to forecast the upcoming condition of economy. It comprises the use of statistical methods and using factor GDP. We will use GDP to forecast the economical growth gap between the developed nations and underdeveloped nations. It is an important tool for countries as they devise future planning and strategies. I will use Holt winter to forecast the gap of economic growth. The Holt-Winters method has found to be the best and simple method to forecast time series. References: Bradford, C. (2010). Economic Growth and Equity Investing. Financial Analysts Journal, 66, 54-64. Reddaway, W. (1963). The Economics of Under-Developed Countries. The Economic Journal, 73, 1-12. William, F. (1964). Differential rates of growth, developed and underdeveloped nations, and their implications. Journal of farm economics, 46, 1043-1050. Minh, Q. (2009). Poverty, income distribution, and Agriculture in developing Countries. Journal of economic,36, 168-183. Harold, B. (1969). Growth in developed nations. The review of economics and statistics, 51, 143-148. Williams, T. (1987). Adaptive Holt-Winters Forecasting. The Journal of the Operational Research Society, 38, 553-560.

Live Today…Strive for Tomorrow Essay -- Essays Papers

Live Today†¦Strive for Tomorrow My senior year is here, and passing quite quickly. Each day â€Å"I walk with a purpose, but no destination† (Ehrlich 232). I’ve had this same purpose etched in my mind since I can remember, it occasionally changes, ever so slightly, but remains consistent—to surpass people’s expectations and achieve something out of the norm. College is around the corner, but where will that be, what will it be? Close to home? A Thousand miles away? Why am I so concerned with this aspect of life—is it because that’s what everyone else seems consumed with? Everyone is pushing me for tomorrow, but what happened to today? I’m losing sight of what is so close. I’ve forgotten about treasuring the moment, absorbing the experiences right here in front of me. We all want to grow up, move on, and encounter something better, but â€Å"when [we] run so fast to get somewhere, [we] miss half the fun of getting there. When [we] worry and hurry through [our] day, it’s like an unopened gift, thrown away† (unknown). I think it’s time to take a step back and look at all today has to offer, see the people around who love me, relish every moment with friends who won’t be here next year, and take a good look at myself. Why I am the way I am and am I headed in the right direction? Joan Didion said that we are what we learned as children (161). I am fortunate enough to have grown up in a nurturing home with two stable parents. That has been the single most important influence on who I am today. The encouragement to do well and accomplish something in everything I do has been a constant force in my development. Winning— People often get caught up and forget that the reason they’re playing a game is to enjoy the experience.... ... life that happened in the past are the forevers because they live on in one’s memory. Those memories are so powerful—that’s what makes me want to make today worth something instead of always simply looking ahead. â€Å"Life is about the journey, not the destination†. My senior year of high school†¦I want to enjoy people’s company, appreciate my family’s presence, and keep a permanent Polaroid of my â€Å"home town† etched in my memory. I have a purpose for the year, I know what I want to accomplish for the future, but I have to remember to make the most out of today because there may not always be a tomorrow. Works Cited Didion, Joan. â€Å"On Morality.† Slouching Towards Bethlehem. New York; Noonday, 1995 (1961). Ehrlich, Gretel. â€Å"Looking for a Lost Dog.† Encounters: Reading and the World. 229-233. Stockton, Jessica. â€Å"Eternity’s Corner.† Mercer Street. 52-54.

How does Duffy’s treatment of themes of war and death involve the reade

Carol Ann Duffy’s poem ‘War Photographer’ shows the life and actions of a photographer and portrays how unappreciative we are of what the photographer has to see and go through to take photographs. The poem shows that photographers are doing their duty, but we are not reacting to the photographs in the way that we should be. ‘War photographer’ tries to put a point across to make us realise that war is wrong and the public have become hardened to it. War in the media does not affect us as much as it should do. The editors use gory pictures to shock the readers as something that is disturbing shows the darker side of humanity. While the editors put in pictures of people suffering and facing death, their best interests are not for the people in the picture, but are in the readers, as the more shocking the pictures are the more people buy the paper. That fact that we buy papers because of the explicit photos show us how much we have become hardened to war and that there is also a small element of enjoyment when we see the pictures. This is reflected in the editors of the â€Å"Sunday Supplements† who choose the five or six photos for the ‘hundred agonies’. Throughout the poem Duffy has used symbolism of words to create an ominous feel. In the first paragraph of the poem the photographer is in the â€Å"darkroom† where â€Å"The only light is red†. The â€Å"darkroom† symbolises hatred, evil and death which ties in with the â€Å"red† light which symbolises death and blood. Also conveying the theme is the photographer, who has ‘spools of suffering set out in ordered rows.’ which portrays mass murder and thousand of graves as does ‘all flesh is grass’ which shows how people are seen as dispensable; â€Å"grass† can re-grow, which means that people are nev... ... that is never ending and wants us to realise this so we can try to break the cycle. Carol Anne Duffy uses the ‘War Photographer’ to portray the destruction and devastation that the war tends to bring. I get the idea that the photographer doesn't really enjoy his job as he has painful memories as he 'remembers the cries' this shows that seeing people dying is something that he never forgot about. The war photographer is going through a lot of emotional pain and damage to take war photographs, Duffy uses the poem to show that the readers do not appreciate him nearly as much as they should do. Duffy has a view that war is filled with pain and that people in peaceful society can’t really understand the full impact of war and therefore we have become hardened to it and need to do something to stop the disaster in other countries from repeating itself over and over.

America as an Empire :: essays research papers

America as Empire: Global Leader or Rogue Power? Jim Garrison   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Jim Garrison’s book addresses a poignant theme faced by American culture today. Garrison explains that America must tread carefully in the present as to avoid crossing the fine line of acting as a â€Å"global leader† and acting as a â€Å"rogue power.† To begin with, I found it necessary to look up the word ‘rogue,’ which dictionary.com defines as â€Å"vicious and solitary,† clearly a negative term. This being established, Garrison is attempting to address what it is that would make a country appear to be overbearing, overly aggressive and power hungry rather than as a respected, admired superpower.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Contrary to my belief upon picking up the book, Garrison quickly enlightened me to the other option. I had never thought of America as a â€Å"rogue power.† However, after giving it a few thoughts, and having Garrison’s input on the matter, it seems quite apparent that America has in fact become a rogue power. America, which was once seen as a picture-perfect place where dreams could be achieved and freedom be found, has indeed become a dominant solo power. It is the unmatched superpower of the world, unmatched by any foreign nation since the collapse of the Soviet Union. However, I found it quite strange to see in such black and white print, an assertion of America as a ruthless master in commander. Though the charm of living in America is that we have the ability and the freedom to criticize whatever we feel, it is rare for me to encounter an American with such a seemingly un-American point of view. Never the less is was quite informative. I also agree with Garrison that the principles and practices upon which America was founded 225 years ago have drastically changed. Garrison stated that America â€Å"used to represent freedom. It now represents power.† After reading that, I was forced to take a step back and really consider that statement. To my own dismay I could not think of any grounds to disprove this statement. I found it quite disheartening to suddenly realize that America had in all essences of the word, had come to define the word â€Å"power.† Garrison examines what makes a nation considered to be a republic, verses what makes a nation considered to be a republic. If a republic implies a democratically run single nation, then that term cannot completely apply to America. America as an Empire :: essays research papers America as Empire: Global Leader or Rogue Power? Jim Garrison   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Jim Garrison’s book addresses a poignant theme faced by American culture today. Garrison explains that America must tread carefully in the present as to avoid crossing the fine line of acting as a â€Å"global leader† and acting as a â€Å"rogue power.† To begin with, I found it necessary to look up the word ‘rogue,’ which dictionary.com defines as â€Å"vicious and solitary,† clearly a negative term. This being established, Garrison is attempting to address what it is that would make a country appear to be overbearing, overly aggressive and power hungry rather than as a respected, admired superpower.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Contrary to my belief upon picking up the book, Garrison quickly enlightened me to the other option. I had never thought of America as a â€Å"rogue power.† However, after giving it a few thoughts, and having Garrison’s input on the matter, it seems quite apparent that America has in fact become a rogue power. America, which was once seen as a picture-perfect place where dreams could be achieved and freedom be found, has indeed become a dominant solo power. It is the unmatched superpower of the world, unmatched by any foreign nation since the collapse of the Soviet Union. However, I found it quite strange to see in such black and white print, an assertion of America as a ruthless master in commander. Though the charm of living in America is that we have the ability and the freedom to criticize whatever we feel, it is rare for me to encounter an American with such a seemingly un-American point of view. Never the less is was quite informative. I also agree with Garrison that the principles and practices upon which America was founded 225 years ago have drastically changed. Garrison stated that America â€Å"used to represent freedom. It now represents power.† After reading that, I was forced to take a step back and really consider that statement. To my own dismay I could not think of any grounds to disprove this statement. I found it quite disheartening to suddenly realize that America had in all essences of the word, had come to define the word â€Å"power.† Garrison examines what makes a nation considered to be a republic, verses what makes a nation considered to be a republic. If a republic implies a democratically run single nation, then that term cannot completely apply to America.

Inventory and Alliance Supermarkets

Alliance Supermarkets has been using a point-of-sale (POS) system for some time to track its inventory. The system uses a laser scanner to read the universal product code (UPC) on each item at the checkout container. The UPC is a number that uniquely identifies the product on which it appears. Currently, Alliance is using the UPC information to update inventory records for each item. Although the system has greatly improved the company’s ability to replenish inventory promptly, the company still has some problems.For example, sudden changes in demand for a particular item can catch the company by surprise as it bases inventory replenishment on historical demand patterns. Further, demand patterns and preferences may vary from one store to another depending on the customers served by each, but the inventory system groups all demand information together and treats each store equally. Finally, the manufacturers that make the products stocked by Alliance Supermarkets are always pre ssuring Alliance to help them target appropriate customers for special promotions and sales.The chief information officer (CIO) of Alliance realizes that much more could probably be done with the data collected from its POS system. For example, the company could analyze the relationship between each product’s sales and weather patterns. It is even possible to analyze an individual customer’s buying habits and identify instances when a customer may be persuaded to try a different brand of a certain product. Suppose you have been asked to study this situation and suggest possible new and innovative uses for the information generated by the POS system.Ideally, these ideas should help Alliance better serve its customers by ensuring that adequate quantities of each item are available, that costs are kept low, and that customers are made aware of new products that may interest them. 1. What information may help Alliance reduce costs while providing better service? 2. If purc hase information can be obtained on individual customers, what new approach could be used by Alliance?Your paper should be in paragraph form (avoid the use of bullet points), and supported with the concepts outlined in your text. Do not include the original questions of the assignment in the paper. Carefully review the Grading Rubric for the criteria that will be used to evaluate your assignment. Alliance Analysis The CIO for Alliance Supermarkets desires to make better use of the volume of data retrieved with each sale via the Point of Sale (POS) software that documents the sale of each product as it is bar coded.There are three key issues which the CIO wishes to address: 1) be able to respond to sudden, unanticipated inventory demand; 2) identify demand patterns that vary from store to store; 3) assist the manufacturers to better target customers for special promotions and sales. With the use of POS, Alliance Supermarkets have the ability to track sales of products and reorder the m automatically. With this type of information, the manufacturers have ready access to what products have been sold as they are scanned.Scanning the bar code for each product sends a signal to the manufacturers documenting the sale of each item in inventory as the sale occurs. When predetermined levels are reached, an order is placed with the manufacturer to replenish the inventory. The POS information can also help manufacturers â€Å"analyze an individual customer's buying habits and identify instances when a customer may be persuaded to try a different brand of a certain product† (Vonderembse & White, 2013).Alliance Supermarkets can better serve its customers by having adequate supplies of inventory based upon the ways that the store tracks its inventory. Not only will regular order replenishment of inventory improve customer satisfaction, but it will have the added effect of improving efficiencies and making the best use of capital resources. A perpetual inventory system of some merchandise such as perishable foods like meat, dairy products, and vegetables can help lower costs through greater efficiencies in processes.By avoiding Stock Outs, customers will have the ability to purchase their desired products without inventory costs. Adding Safety Stock to the inventory control plan can also aid Alliance in flexing up for sudden surge demand. Taking advantage of volume discounts is another way that costs can be controlled more efficiently. There is not always a cost savings in buying in volume. Therefore, using the formula of OP = dL can be used to determine an optimum point to reorder. OP = order point. d= daily use, and L = lead time.This helps determine how much advance notice is needed in order for the store not to run out of inventory. (Vonderembse & White, 2013 p. 10. 4) Alliance can also make use of demographic and purchasing decisions based upon POS transactions. Sorting the data individually by each store will help Alliance identify purchasin g trends. Orders can be placed specific to each stores demographic. A periodic inventory control system of non perishable items such as dairy products, meat and vegetables could be used to help assess the grocery stores replenishment goals without running out of goods.

Vignette

Application of ethical theory to a case study vignette Instructions: †¢ Choose ONE of the following four cases †¢ Identify key stakeholders in this case. Identify and discuss main (ethical) issues of this case in relation to the stakeholders. †¢ Evaluate the case using TWO ethical theories (you must use the theories that were taught in the lectures apart from Ethical Egoism). †¢ Explain how you would act / you would have acted in this situation, and why. Your word limit must not exceed 1,700 words. Do not forget to include your word count in Your essay.The essay will be marked using the following criteria: †¢ Identification of stakeholders and issues †¢ Outlining of main features of ethical theories and application of theories to case †¢ Style and Presentation (including authenticity and accurate referencing) Submission deadline is Friday, 25 January, 2013, 9pm. Failure to submit on time will result in a fail grade. You are required to submit your c oursework both electronically through TurnItIn (see instructions in module handbook), and as hard copy to the UniHelpdesk in the Sheppard Library.Please ensure that you submit exactly the same versions of your work as hard copy and electronic copy. The electronic copy is the one that will be marked. You should also be aware that students may beasked to attend a viva should there be any doubts regarding the authenticity of their work. Case 1 Safia, having completed her Business Management degree at Middlesex University, has found a job as executive assistant in a medium-sized city law firm. She very much enjoys her job and, although she has only been working for the firm for a few months, has already become a valuable and trusted employee.She has been asked by Jamal, the partner in the firm for whom she works, to organise the event that the firm hosts every year for its corporate clients. Her brief includes organising the catering (finger food and drinks) and because they are expecti ng up to 200 guests, she is required to follow the company guidelines, which state that she has to get quotes from four catering firms and then give the contract to the firm that offers best value for money. Meera, a close friend of Safia’s, has recently taken over her father’s struggling catering business.Meera’s father has been suffering from a long-standing and severe illness, which forced him to retire from the business. Safia knows that a large catering contract would provide a much needed boost to Meera’s business, and therefore includes it in the list of firms who she will ask to produce a quote for her. Even though the food and service offered in each quote is not exactly identical, Meera’s quote is not quite the best value for money. Safia asks Meera to revise her quote so that she can give her the business.Has Safia done the right thing? Case 2 Tom works for a small firm specialising in textile print designs. The firm has recently landed a contract with a large supermarket chain. Among other things, they have been asked to produce a print design for a sweatshirt, to be sold to young adult females. Tom is given the brief. He drafts various designs but is not very happy with them, neither is the managing director, who occasionally asks how Tom is getting on with his work. Tom is also busy working on a range of other projects.As the deadline approaches, Tom gets slightly desperate, but then while browsing the internet during his lunch break he comes across a girl called Nina’s internet blog. Nina is a fashion student and uses pictures of herself on her blog to advertise her own fashion designs. One of the photos depicts her in a dreamy-looking pose, and Tom thinks that with some flower pattern placed around the photo, that would make the perfect print design for the sweatshirt. Nina has a statement on her blog that says that all the content featured on her site belongs to her and permission for use any of her ph otos is required.He emails her to ask her permission to use her photo but does not hear back from her. The deadline arrives, he still hasn’t heard from Nina but he does not want to ask for an extension of deadline, knowing that the supermarket chain would not be pleased about it and also because he has been in trouble before for not meeting deadlines. He passes his design on to the managing director, who likes it. The managing director usually trusts that his employees work within copyright rules and therefore does not ask Tom any questions regarding the photo.The designs the company has produced find the supermarket’s approval and shortly afterwards clothes with the new print designs are going on sale in all their large stores across the country. Did Tom do the right thing? Case 3 Dr Victoria Patel is a non-executive board director at SuperSoftware, a FTSE 250 company. The company had been struggling for some time to retain its market share. As a result, SuperSoftware hired a new CEO called Richard Smart, with the aim to turn the company’s fortune around.Victoria is a member of the company’s nomination committee and as such was responsible, together with the other committee members, for the hiring of the new CEO. What impressed her and her fellow board directors was not only the experience Richard brought from his previous work roles but also his qualifications, which include a computer science degree from Harvard University and an MBA from the University of Chicago. One year on, SuperSoftware’s board directors are very happy with Richard Smart’s work.Following the implementation of his new strategic plan, the company has been gaining significant ground on its competitors. Furthermore, the CEO has been playing a vital role in the development of SuperSoftware’s CSR policy, which now includes a workplace scheme that the company offers to disadvantaged young people in the community. At a school reunion, Victoria r uns into her old friend Janet, with whom she had lost contact over the last few years. Victoria remembers that Janet also went to Harvard to study computer science and that would have been around the same time that Richard Smart was a student there, too.Victoria decides to mention her new CEO to Janet and ask her how well she remembers him from her time at Harvard. Janet gives Victoria a blank look and says that she had never heard Richard’s name before, she is nearly absolutely certain that no student with that name studied on the university’s computer science programme. Victoria is a little puzzled by this. She decides to check with the university herself and they confirm that Richard Smart has not been among their computer science graduates. What should Victoria do?Case 4 (adapted from Siu and Lam 2009) Sam works in the design department of Baby Mobile, a pram and children’s accessories manufacturer. In the past, the company has been quite successful in selli ng infant carriers that can also be used as infant car seats. However, the current models are relatively expensive to manufacture so profit-margins are rather low. Sam is member of the project team that has been asked to design a new, lighter weight model that should be in line with current trends but is also less expensive to manufacture.Michael, the head of the design department, makes it clear to the team that he expects them to develop the new model within the set deadline, especially as executive management have already communicated to shareholders their plans of launching a new, more profitable product. On the day of the deadline, the team reports to Michael that they have come up with a new design that meets the project brief. However, the new model, because of its lighter materials, currently has a slightly higher risk of handle collapse, which could cause injury to children.Their report states that they would need a few more weeks to find a solution to the problem with the handle. Michael Says that he will pass on their report to the executives. Two days later, Sam’s team learns that the executives have decided to treat the ‘handle problem’ as a quality issue and launch the model as it is to satisfy shareholder expectations, although Improvements to the product may be incorporated later on. Sam thinks of his sister who has not Too long ago given birth to a baby girl†¦ What should Sam do?

Thoughts and Feelings ‘on the Grasshopper and the Cricket’

What are your thoughts and feelings about the poem â€Å"On The Grasshopper and The Cricket†? In the poem ‘On The Grasshopper and The Cricket’ by John Keats, the poet seems at a first glance to just to be describing a grasshopper and a cricket and how they inhabit a garden and the kitchen of a home respectively. However, once we understand the poem, it is not so straightforward. In the second to the sixth lines of the poem, it shows how carefree the life of a grasshopper is in the â€Å"summer luxury† as opposed to the cricket in the â€Å"lone winter†. As it is mentioned that the grasshopper hops ‘from hedge to hedge about a new-mown mead’, we know that it is probably in a garden where it does not have to worry. It also gives us a young and lively feel to the poem because it shows that all the grasshopper does the entire day is play among the hedges and live a luxurious life. In the sixth and seventh lines, it is shown that the grasshopper is never bored because in this case, the grasshopper himself is capable of having his â€Å"delights† and â€Å"fun† with minimal effort and is able to rest if it feels tired beneath some â€Å"pleasant weed†. It's so hot that the usually chirpy and active birds have taken shelter amongst the shady trees and the whole countryside seems to be quiet, but just then one can hear the ever active grasshopper chirping away merrily in the hedges. We also know that there are birds in the garden as said in the second line â€Å"when birds are faint with hot sun† so it is believed that the grasshopper is never lonely because there are other animals around. Similarly, when one is cozily sheltered in the comfort of his home in front of a warm stove from the cold, frosty winter and is beginning to feel lonely, an atmosphere of silence and loneliness prevails. However, the silence is shattered by the shrill chirpings of the cricket and this silence, which was forced by the cold, is gently calmed by the cricket’s song. But even then the poetry of earth continues without a break. In a way, the grasshopper can be seen as selfish because when it plays among the hedges and freshly cut grass, it does not do anything else that implies that it is helping anyone other than itself. On the other hand, the cricket is seen to be somewhat of a good friend to those who are lonely on winter nights as it breaks the silence that was forced by the cold winter. The grasshopper could be compared to a young person who is usually carefree and does not worry much. In comparison, the cricket could represent someone in his or her old age who is there for people when they are in need or are lonely.

Advantages and Disadvantages of Video Games Essay

Everybody knows something about Super Mario or Pac-Man. These two and some others have started a new trend which called ‘playing video games’. Most people have spent their free time with playing video games and it still keeps going in that way. But for years people asking this question. ‘Do video games are bad or good? ‘ One of the advantages of playing video games is improving your vocabulary. Most games are online now and you can’t do anything without making a contact with other players. These players are live in another countries and the only way to communicate with them is using a common language. 90% this is English. I’m playing video games and i can say that video games really improves your vocabulary skills. When you don’t understand a word in a game you have to check dictionary to understand the meaning of it. To be honest,I have learnt a lot of words from video games. Actually more than my English lesson in highschool. Another advantage of playing video games is improving computer skills. Sometimes you have to set some options to play your game better. While doing that you learn about your computer’s hardware too. For example:there is a part in options called ‘graphics’. You have to use a better graphic card to see better images. To get a better graphic card,first you have to know how we can compare them and by that we learn more and more about our computer’s system. But of course there are disadvantages too. One of the is it’s harmful for your eyes and other body parts. I know there are some games which you can play by Nintendo Wii or PlayStation Move. They give you some kind of camera and your moves can be seen in game. But it’s unnecessary to do something like that. There are lots of sports which you can do outside. You can go on a jogging or play basketball,tennis etc. You don’t have to do this by playing video games. Another disadvantage is that,sometimes children access games which are not proper to their age and that is harmful for children. But I think the problem is not games are too reachable. The problem is parents are don’t care enough about their children. What I mean is you can’t ban something global but you can limit them. And it’s not so hard to do it. Maybe you can limit the internet or you can use some kind of programme like Family Security System. But these are the things which you can made with using a computer. Also you can stop your children with spend more time with them. Then they can feel video games are not the most important thing in the world. In conclusion there are bad and good sides of video games. But some other things have good and bad effects too like TV or food. If you don’t become and addict I think all of them are useful. You have to control yourself and your time to don’t become and addict. All is up to you.

Psychology- Human Development Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words - 1

Psychology- Human Development - Essay Example The second approach, â€Å"The native perspective† unlike learning theorists minimize the role of the language environment and maximize the role of child’s biologically programmed capacities in explaining language development. The third approach known as â€Å"The Interactionist Perspective† believes that both learning theorists (nurture) and nativists (nature) are correct: Childrens biologically based competencies and their language environment interact to shape the course of language development (Bloom, 1998; Bohannon & Bonvillian, 2005).They emphasize that acquisition of language skills depends on and is related to the acquisition of many other capacities: perceptual, cognitive, motor, social, and emotional. Obviously, there is no doubt that males and females differ biologically. Yet we have to ask ourselves one question, do we form our ideas of gender roles according the influence of our society, or does biological predisposition outweigh the cultural influence? Gender refers to the cultural and social definition of feminine and masculine, it bears no relevance to the biological sex. Rather, it is the socially constructed expectations placed on a person because of their sex. Socialization is defined as the process by which we learn the ways of a given society or social group so that we can function within it. We are born either male or female, but not boy or girl. Femininity and masculinity do not bubble up from our genetic makeup. The distinction between boy and girl is taught. Therefore, gender is a learned identity. From the moment a child is born, (s)he begins the process of gender socialization. There is no nation where men and women are not gendered. The gender system organizes s ociety in such a way that boys and girls are treated differently, and the expectations for boys and girls differ. Family and peer relationships, schools and religious institutions, and media exposure

Management Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words - 2

Management - Essay Example Therefore the relationship between product-mix flexibility and capacity utilization is that the two factors are directly related. A higher degree of product-mix flexibility leads to a higher degree of capacity utilization. Because the company is able to vary output according to demand, idle capacity is minimized. As a result capacity utilization is maximized. By implementing the strategy of product-mix flexibility, the company is able to manufacturing a range of different products by using the same equipment. As a result the management is able to recoup the maximum return from the investment made in the equipment. In this manner the utilization rate of the production line is maximized. Thus product-mix flexibility is directly related to capacity utilization. Higher levels of product-mix flexibility reduce the production lines’ sensitivity to demand fluctuations. By implementing a flexible manufacturing system (FMS), the production line is able to maintain a mix of products tha t is able to adapt to any changes in the demand structure. In order to implement the strategy of product mix flexibility, the management has to introduce the technology of the flexible manufacturing system. The FMS facilitates the building of a production line that can produce a range of different products with minimal changes required in the same. ... This was the innovation introduced by Fiat’s management. By implementing the Robogate technology, Fiat aimed to create a flexible production system which would be able to achieve product-mix flexibility according to market demand. The technology was developed in-house. It was deployed in the spot-welding shop and was so named because the nine welding stations were called gates. The deployment of Robogate signaled Fiat’s quest for increasing production flexibility. The production limit for Robogate technology deployed at Rivalta and Cassino was set at 1400 cars per day. However it could vary the output levels between different models, Uno and Ritmo at Rivalta, Regata and Ritmo at Cassino. By allowing production managers to process a range of cars in a random sequence, the Robogate technology aimed to incorporate market-driven fluctuations into capacity utilization. However whether this innovation enabled the company to maximize capacity utilization is questioned by the a uthor in this article. The technology was certainly able to minimize the cycle-time of finishing but capacity utilization still fluctuated as before in the traditional system. The problem with implementing the technology was that the production philosophy was still defined according to the traditional system of cycle-time minimization rather than flexibility maximization. As a result, the Robogate technology failed to increase the rate of capacity utilization. But aside from that question, the superiority of the Robogate technology over other techniques was overwhelming. The Robogate itself was flexible. However because the platform and body welding lines upstream were still