Saturday, October 12, 2019
Can The United States Justify The Civil War :: essays research papers
Can the United States Justify the Civil War The definition of Manifest Destiny reads as: "The belief in the 1840's in the inevitable territorial expansion of the United States, especially as advocated by southern slaveholders who wished to extend slavery into new territories." This explanation was transcribed from the World Book Encyclopedia's dictionary. It is directly evident that from this unbiased statement we can trace the first uprising of a separate group of people yearning to break the newly formed bond of the great United States. Before and during the Mexican War, the people who were pushing for the claimed land once owned by innocent native americans, were always looking for a scapegoat. They needed one way or another, a way to squirm out of taking the blame for the enslaved and murdered Mexican causalities. There was one man, though, who would not let this happen, David Wilmot. David Wilmot was a democrat from Pennsylvania, who was willing to revise the President's bill. In this revision, Wilmot proposed "...neither slavery nor involuntary servitude shall ever exist in any part of the territory...". This was not well liked by the South and eventhough it was given thumbs up many times in the senate, our newly formed country was now bordered by fresh land. The Wilmot Proviso underwent quite a bit of pressure so that compromises could satisfy each side. The Compromise of 1850 was soon to follow but the real catch of the same year was the Fugitive Slave Act. This act was invented so that the slaves of slaveowners, who took them to a slave-free state on a vacation or something, could not escape. In this act, the hardest part to understand, was that the courts were to try to give a fair trial to any runaway slaves. This enfuriated many of the Northern abolitionists who now were going to expand the tracks of the underground railroad to help extend their efforts in the rescue of the runaways. The point of no return, where many people knew for sure that the country would be devided between the north and the south was the ruling on the Kansas Nebraska Act. This act was majorly contributed into by Stephen A. Douglas and probably would never have passed without his consent. The whole idea behind the act that really got to the south was Popular Sovereignty. This so called "specific" rule was none to specific in stating when a territory could decide when they were pro or anti slavverry. The abolitionists were flooding the new territory with their own kind where as the southerners were just moving
Friday, October 11, 2019
Effects of the Columbian Exchange
The Columbian Exchange had a profound influence on the vast spread of plants, animals, culture, human populations, and many infectious and contagious diseases through trade in both North America and Western Europe. The Columbian Exchange began in 1492, when Christopher Columbus set sail on his voyage to the Americas. Although it created an enormous increase in food supply and productivity, and human population, it also damaged the ecological stability of many large areas. In North America, the Columbian Exchange had a positive influence as well as negative.North America received many domesticated animals from the Old World, including horses, cattle, pigs, sheep, and fowl. Although the animals provided valuable food, clothing, and energy sources, they caused mixed emotions in the Indians because the animals severely damaged important croplands. Not only did North America receive animals, but new plants too; America received plants such as black pepper, barley, wheat, rice, lettuce, su garcane, and rhubarb. They received domestic plants, animals and other goods from Africa, Asia and India as well.The Old World also exposed North America to numerous infectious and contagious diseases: including bubonic plague, chicken pox, cholera, influenza, leprosy, malaria, measles, scarlet fever, smallpox, typhoid, typhus, yellow fever, and yaws. Since the indigenous peoples had no immunity to these diseases, they took a major toll on the Indian population, causing a significant demographic decline. The indigenous people also suffered from the brutality and the expropriation of farmland from the Europeans.Aside from the negative, the Columbian Exchange allowed North America to grow and develop into a functional and effective civilization. Through the Columbian Exchange, Western Europe had the opportunity to expand their trade routes across the Atlantic basin, linking with Asian and Indian markets. In addition, Columbusââ¬â¢ voyage to the New World (America) inspired many Eur opeans to migrate there. Transoceanic migration to the Americas by the Western Europeans, gave Europe much more power in multiple places than they had previously had.As the Indian population declined due to disease and such, Europeans continued to pour into the Americas. Like North America, Western Europe received many domesticated plants because of the Columbian Exchange such as potato, corn, cotton, vanilla, and tobacco. In Ireland specifically, potatoes became a staple food for society. Crops such as sugarcane and tobacco were in high demand at this time in Western Europe; they were ââ¬Å"cash cropsâ⬠which increasingly improved agricultural prosperity and economy.An improving economy lead to growing cities; this is all attributed to the Columbian Exchange. The Columbian Exchange had a profound influence on the vast spread of plants, animals, culture, human populations, and many infectious and contagious diseases through trade in both North America and Western Europe. The e ffects of the Columbian Exchange on Western Europe differ from that of North America in many ways; yet, there are also many similarities. It increased prosperity in both regions.
Thursday, October 10, 2019
Defining the Advantages and Disadvantages Cultural Similarities in the Context of the Recruitment Process
Introduction Historically, much debate exists surrounding the cultural role and its place within the labour market system. Research examining the labour market has posed that culture is peripheral within occupational sorting with regard to status attainment (Blau & Duncan, 1967; Tilly & Tilly, 1998). While comparatively, sociologists who are concerned with culture indicate that culture plays a crucial part in placing value on materials and rewards, this often includes accessibility to distribution of the most desirable jobs and occupations (Lareau & Weininger 2011). In todayââ¬â¢s global economy, many firms across all sectors are competing for talent. In particular, firms in the knowledge based industries, such as IT industry, financial services, engineering and pharmaceuticals, have engaged in a war of talent (Cubik 2013). Given the costs involved in recruitment including advertising and agency fees, selection criteria has become a paramount consideration. However, in spite of its known importance, limited empirical evidence exists to fully capture the role that culture plays in occupational attainment. It has been suggested that hiring within the labour market is one of the most crucial decisions for organisational success (Bills, 2003). In a study by Bills (2003) it is noted that the attainment of occupational status while ensuring stable income is a predominant factor within the hiring transaction. Within the literature it has been hypothesised that existing similarities amongst employers and perspective employees are crucial and influential in how employers make their decision to hire (Lamont, 1992). To date, there is very limited empirical literature which has been successful and systematic in explaining culture and its role in hiring (Huffcutt, 2011; Stainback, Tomaskovic-Devey & Skaggs, 2010). The process of recruitment and selection has in the past focused on skills and experience (Marcel et al., 2013). Indeed, it makes a lot of sense to recruit employees with the right set of skills and experience for a job which is similar to their attributes. While skills and experience continue to play an increasing role in the recruitment and selection of employees, research has pointed out to ââ¬Ëculture fitââ¬â¢ as a key differentiator in the selection process (Hunt 2014). Nowadays, human resource professionals have gone to great lengths to build the organisational culture right into the selection criteria (Croteau 2014). Empirical literature is limited on the impact of cultural matching in determining organisational success. Systematic empirical research on the impact of cultural matching in hiring decisions is virtually non-existent (Rivera, 2012). This literature review will contribute to informing current knowledge on advantages and disadvantages of cultural similarities within the candidate evaluation process. Questions addressed will include: does cultural matching really matter in the hiring process, and is it worthwhile dismissing a highly skilled and innovative candidate for not satisfying the criteria around cultural fit. Defining the context of this area of research Culture is increasingly becoming the peripheral for occupational sorting. This has been driven by the popular view that organisations with employees that fully embrace the culture find it easy to navigate through tough economic times (Cubik 2013). Contrary to the popular view, does cultural matching really matter in the hiring processIs it worthwhile dismissing a highly skilled and innovative candidate for not satisfying the criteria around cultural fitExploring this topic is important considering the recent ââ¬Ëskill gapââ¬â¢ crippling engineering firms. In the UK, there is currently a shortfall in most areas of graduate recruitment. According to the Confederation of British Industry, the national shortage in graduate recruitment in many areas especially engineering sector may put a brake on economic recovery (Paton 2014). Tens of thousands of engineers are retiring without graduates to replace them (Osborne 2013). Many organisations across the globe are yet to put in place means to measuring cultural fit in their recruitment and selection process (Cubik 2014). It is time to re-examine the advantages and disadvantages of such cultural matching. Such an objective assessment will act as a wakeup call for managers and HR professionals to critically review their recruitment processes and ascertain whether conformity to mainstream organisational culture gives the best outcome. Past literature has provided a useful case study which considers elite professional service firms. It was suggested that an often untested hypothesis within this field is how similarities which exist culturally and can be reflected in shared experiences, preferences, individual characteristics or even presentation of self (Bourdieu, 1984). Additionally, that these cultural similarities which are at interplay between employers and those applying for jobs are crucial in determining the employers hiring decision. It is posed that hiring as a process has many more intricacies than just a basic recognition and sorting of skills; rather, a complex process exists which incorporates the cultural matching of potential employees between those who apply for jobs, those who evaluate and the companies who hire them. Past literature indicates that employers seek out those perspective employees who are competent and importantly seem to possess cultural similarities. It was uncovered that culture si milarities were of upmost concern to employers, often overriding concerns solely surrounding productivity (Rivera, 2012). Considerations relating to the advantages and disadvantages of the cultural role in determining how employers hire Processes are evident which are interpersonal in nature and apparent in evaluating cultural similarities to determine candidate evaluation. These processes empirically demonstrate how cultural similarities predict hiring within the workforce. The process of hiring an employee is a very influential and powerful determinant in influencing outcomes of the labour market. The protocol for hiring practice is a mechanism which can be the cornerstone in facilitating employment opportunities for some, while disabling for others. Hiring is crucial in order to prosper or excel in most occupations and advance in income brackets, therefore, considering the intricacies of hiring are important to understand social closure or opposing economic stratification (Elliot and Smith, 2004). The hiring process between employers and employees is typically interpreted as a matching process which exists to filter organisational characteristics, with the job requirements, and perceived skill of the job candidate (Tilly & Tilly, 1998). Previous literature has summarised how employersââ¬â¢ hiring decisions as based on: evaluating the potential employee on what has been described as human capital, for example their hard or soft skills and attributes; secondly their potential for social capital, represented by their social connections; and finally in evaluating their demographic characteristics (Pager & Shepherd, 2008). Moreover, research is recognising that gaps exist in our current knowledge on the processes of hiring. It should be noted that when human capital, social capital, demographic traits are all accounted for in understanding how employers hire, there remains unexplained variance. Consequently, investigating how employers carry out their decision making is an area which needs to be informed in the literature (Heckman and Siegelman, 1993). Much of this unexplained variance could be implicated in methodological and data limitations. A majority of the existing literature in this area is quantitative in nature and places focus on the type of individuals in the application process or comparisons between pre and post hiring, leaving the decision making process unexplained (Fernandez & Fernandez, 2006). Furthermore, constraints are evident in keeping to assessing what is easy to access or observe by using information which is quite often extracted from records of employment. Thus it is clear that in order to fully understand the hiring process, decision-making is an important factor to investigate, to distinguish between how employers evaluate, make comparisons and select new employees. By further investigating this decision making process it is hoped that more subtle factors will be revealed to explain employersââ¬â¢ decisions in relation to the outcomes of hiring (Gross, 2009). The Role of Culture Previous investigations into how the employer selects employees have predominantly focused on individual characteristics, the organisational context, or factors within the institution (Pager & Shepherd, 2008). Perhaps, however this process of employment incorporates more than the context of candidates, or companies and recruitment should be recognised as an interpersonal process. Overall, within most industries the main components of an interview for a job are key determinants of success or failure in hiring. Job candidates create impressions of themselves within the interview situation and this impacts upon the likelihood of them getting hired, it has even been posed that this carries more weight than their qualification achievements (Graves & Powell, 1995). However even with this knowledge, within the literature focus often reflects pre or post factors regards hiring. Therefore it is apparent that focus should be placed on interpreting the dimensions which represent the interperson al nature of the recruitment process (Roscigno, 2007; Stainback et al., 2010). Within a micro-social setting existing literature describes dynamics which are interpersonal and has concluded that similarities are one of the most substantial indicators in determining how an individual is evaluated and how desirable they are to an employer (Byrne, 1971) and this has been confirmed within an interview setting (Huffcutt, 2011). Research in this area has previously examined gender or race similarities, and in addition similarities in tastes, life experiences, leisure activities, or self-presentation which can greatly impact interpersonal attraction and therefore stratification (Lareau and Weininger, 2003; Wimmer & Lewis, 2010). Upon a first meeting, typically people seek out shared commonalities which could be in knowledge, an experience, or personal interests (Gigone & Hastie, 1993). It is through uncovering these similarities that people connect emotionally and this then facilitates a trusting and comforting environment, creating excitement, and building bonds betw een individuals (Collins, 2004; DiMaggio, 1987; Erickson 1996). Within psychology there is a well-known hypothesis which poses similarity creates attraction (Byrne, 1971) and similarly within sociology what is known as the ââ¬Ëhomophilyââ¬â¢ principle (Lazarsfeld & Merton, 1954) also infers that similarities culturally promote attraction. However, it should be noted that having similar cultural identities equates to more than simply having shared interests. It is posed that cultural identity importantly determines our evaluation strategy (DiMaggio, 1987; Lamont & Molnar, 2002). Past literature, (Weber, 1946), concluded that having the same interest in things like leisure pursuits, or similar experiences, presentation style, and other life factors create membership within certain groups and are fundamental in determining an individual being included in a desirable opportunity. Very specifically, Weber indicated that lifestyle factors are cornerstone in estimating status within group reproduction and social closure. In weighing up the advantages and disadvantages of hiring and the role culture plays, even if this is unconscious, cultural similarities may be greatly at play during the evaluation process and be a determinant of rewards. A classic study in this research area was based on interviews in a college between counsellors and students within the community (Erickson & Schultz, 1981). It was reported that similarities which were established within this relationship were the most crucial determinants in shaping the councillors view about a studentââ¬â¢s potential and future success. Even within the presence of co-membership, the most important indicator seemed to be perceived similarities in experience. Moving on form this, more recent literature (Lamont, 2009) implicated that within academia research proposals were favoured for academic fellowships when the proposal was similar to the interests of that particular scholar who was evaluating the applicant. These types of selection bias have many important implications, are inclusive of access to resources as well as social rewards, and also in predicting long term trajectories within an educational, social or economic setting (DiMaggio & Mohr, 1985). Much literature is apparent which has been based on examining culture with stratification and this is disproportionate due to its focus on the educational setting (Stevens, Armstrong & Arum, 2008). Apparent limitations are evident in examining cultural similarities post-graduation. An important area of research clearly appears to be to determine outcomes for students who have gained similar qualifications in the process of applying for jobs within the labour market. A good example to illustrate this phenomenon could be to further investigate the hiring process within the power of stratifying through shared cultural similarities. Understanding the advantages and disadvantages of cultural similarities could further be explained by assessing if students gain financial reward through cultural similarities and this would be recognised through the attainment of a desirable job and matching salary. Useful research would investigate the advantages of cultural similarities and if this transla tes economically (Bourdieu, 1986) within the labour force, this hypothesis has been neglected within empirical literature (Bills, 2003). Furthermore it is known that the qualities upon which we make our assessments are generally not context specific (Lamont, 1992), therefore it cannot be representative that culture similarities are identical, perhaps in both a classroom and interview situation. Within cultural research there has been a lack of systematic assessment in relation to hiring, and in contrast to this those who academically assess hiring may have previously under-theorised the role of culture. Overall a majority of hiring research in a sociological setting has examined the process of employers evaluating their prospective employeesââ¬â¢ hard skills and specifically cognitive skills. Whereas those papers that have explored non-cognitive skills will most likely focus on things that will impact upon productivity and include soft skills (Farkas, 2003). A disadvantage in this field of research is how cultural contexts and lifestyle have been classed as non-productive entities and therefore under studied in an empirical setting (Tilly & Tilly, 1998). On the other hand, an advantage in this particular area of research has been that investigations which have examined the employment process, have recognised that similarities are an important predictor of candidate employment however, this research has previously been limited by focusing on gender or ethnicity (Gorman, 2005). This may be explained partly by limited data on informative information as it is not always an easy task to capture similarities on underlying tastes or lifestyle factors, and if this information has been obtained then it is somewhat difficult to quantify (Stevens, 2008). Moreover, within empirical literature it is common to use similarities which are demographic in nature when estimating shared culture. It should be clear that both culture and a set structure are mutually reinforcing entities, whereas an individualââ¬â¢s gender or ethnicity can greatly impact their cultural identity (Sewell, 1992; Swidler, 1986). It would be advantageous to examine the varia tion represented by individual values, experience or beliefs and common behaviour among unique demographic culture (Lamont & Small, 2008). Thus, in order to gain a true and reflective picture of a cultural hiring prospective, research must consider demographics as well as cultural similarities and life experiences between those who are hiring and potential employees (Turco, 2010). Research exists which has made the assumption that gender and ethnic similarities override any other shared common experiences. These ethnic and gender similarities should be recognised as being greatly influential attributes in determining interpersonal attraction and likelihood of a positive evaluation. Continuing research in this area has confirmed a hypothesis which was outlined by Tajfel and Turnerââ¬â¢s (1986) suggesting that in and out group preferences can vary. Importantly, more current literature has revealed that demographics can moderate preferences in a within group setting (Ely, 1995). When examining the hiring process, gender and ethnic similarities between those hiring and potential job candidates have produced inconsistencies in effect (Huffcutt, 2011). Conclusion To clarify, previous literature efforts should be made to investigate a range of similarities which incorporate more than gender and ethnicity with their impact on the labour market (Castilla, 2011). The current literature review has presented a review of the literature in this area and it can be concluded that it would be advantageous to assess the relationships between interpersonal characteristics and how people are evaluated based on their shared cultural attributes. From the current literature it can be perceived that shared characteristics are important in a variety of contexts however it is also clear that identifying cultural similarities in the context of employment success would be an especially useful and important piece of research. In psychology it has been shown that between those who perceive themselves as similar, this can actually impact and control the effects of attraction and similarity. Subjectively believing that an individual shares similarities with you on mul tiple dimensions within a unique context may be a crucial determinant in dis-entangling our understanding of interpersonal attraction (Tajfel and Turner, 1986). Subjective impressions of perceived similarities may be most influential within an interaction which is personalised, run over an increased duration of time and based on identifying additional information to what is visible (Montoya, Horton & Kirchner 2008), this is apt in the setting of a job interview. Previous literature has indicated that having perceived similarities are possibly more important than true similarities on the overall decision within the employment process (Graves & Powell, 1995). Shared culture is imperative to consider if we want to fully understand how perceived similarities operate (Lamont & Molnar, 2002). In spite of this information and within sociological research the process of hiring has usually overseen shared culture in determining how employers are influenced. Some literature does exist which recognises the importance of cultural similarities and has been seen in a qualitative study by Neckerman & Kirschenman (1991). Here, in relation to urban employers it was hypothesised that cultural similarities predict employersââ¬â¢ decisions. DiMaggio (1992) was responsible for labelling recruitment as a ââ¬Ëcultural matchingââ¬â¢ process. In spite of knowing that cultural similarities are influential predictors of job success (Turco, 2010), cultural factors have typically been excluded or overlooked and deemed as not productive or observable in past research (Pager, Western & Bonikowski, 2009). A number of authors have emphasised the importance conformity to mainstream organizational culture when making hiring decisions. For example, in their study on the impact of organisational culture on human resource practices, Omotayo & Anthonia (2013) argued that the congruence between individual values and organisational culture was crucial in the recruitment and selection process. They argued that it helped reduce absenteeism and turnover, and that it increased employee morale and satisfaction leading to increased productivity and better performance. In a similar vein, Silverthorne (2004) argues that employees who are better fit to the organisational culture are more likely to experience higher job satisfaction and become more committed to the organisation. However, to some extent these arguments are debatable; it is not necessarily true that cultural matching in recruitment and selection leads to the best outcome. There is a greater tendency for HR managers to hire people that they think are similar to them rather than hiring those who are objectively good at their job (Booth, 2002). A phenomenal candidate who would have taken the company to another level can be missed out just because he/she could not satisfy the criteria around cultural fit (Marcel et al., 2013). Moreover, a considerable amount of bias in talent acquisition may result when invoking cultural matching. What is the likelihood of missing out on innovative perspectives is an important consideration for future research (Marcel et al., 2013). For the purpose of this literature review, systematic and empirical literature has been presented to understand the advantages and disadvantages of cultural characteristics in determining job success. References Blau, P. M., & Duncan, O. D. (1967). The American occupational structure. Bourdieu, P. (1984). Distinction: A social critique of the judgement of taste. Harvard University Press. Byrne, D. E. (1971). The attraction paradigm (Vol. 11). Academic Pr. Collins, R. (2004). Interaction ritual chains. Princeton university press. DiMaggio, P. (1987). Classification in art. American sociological review, 440-455. DiMaggio, P., & Mohr, J. (1985). Cultural capital, educational attainment, and marital selection. American journal of sociology, 1231-1261. Elliott, J. R., & Smith, R. A. (2004). Race, gender, and workplace power. American Sociological Review, 69(3), 365-386. Ely, R. J. (1995). The power in demography: Womenââ¬â¢s social constructions of gender identity at work. Academy of Management journal, 38(3), 589-634. Erickson, B. H. (1996). Culture, class, and connections. American journal of Sociology, 217-251. Erickson, F., & Shultz, J. (1982). The counselor as gatekeeper: Social interaction in interviews. New York: Academic Press. Farkas, G. (2003). Cognitive skills and noncognitive traits and behaviors in stratification processes. Annual Review of Sociology, 541-562. Fernandez, R. M., & Fernandez-Mateo, I. (2006). Networks, race, and hiring. American Sociological Review, 71(1), 42-71. Gigone, D., & Hastie, R. (1993). The common knowledge effect: Information sharing and group judgment. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 65(5), 959. Gorman, E. H. (2005). Gender stereotypes, same-gender preferences, and organizational variation in the hiring of women: Evidence from law firms. American Sociological Review, 70(4), 702-728. Graves, L. M., & Powell, G. N. (1995). The effect of sex similarity on recruitersââ¬â¢evaluations of actual applicants: a test of the similarity?attraction paradigm. Personnel Psychology, 48(1), 85-98. Gross, N. (2009). A pragmatist theory of social mechanisms. American Sociological Review, 74(3), 358-379. Heckman, J. J., & Siegelman, P. (1993). The Urban Institute audit studies: Their methods and findings. Huffcutt, A. I. (2011). An empirical review of the employment interview construct literature. International Journal of Selection and Assessment, 19(1), 62-81. Kotter, E. H. and Heskett, O. K..(1992). ââ¬ËCulture: The Missing Concept in Organizational Studiesââ¬â¢. Administrative Science Quarterly, 4(2), 229-240. Lamont, M. (1992). Money, morals, and manners: The culture of the French and the American upper-middle class. University of Chicago Press. Lamont, M., & Molnar, V. (2002). The study of boundaries in the social sciences. Annual review of sociology, 167-195. Lamont, M., & Small, M. L. (2008). How culture matters: Enriching our understanding of poverty. The colors of poverty: Why racial and ethnic disparities persist, 76-102. Langfeldt, L. (2011). How Professors Think: Inside the Curious World of Academic Judgment. International Studies in the Philosophy of Science, 25(1), 92-95. Lareau, A. (2011). Unequal childhoods: Class, race, and family life. Univ of California Press. Lareau, A., & Weininger, E. B. (2003). Cultural capital in educational research: A critical assessment. Theory and society, 32(5-6), 567-606. Madu, B.C.(2012). ââ¬ËOrganizational culture as a drive of competitive advantageââ¬â¢. Journal of Academic and Business Ethics, Vol. 5, pp. 1-9. Marcel, M.F., Roeske, J., and Parrilla, R.(2013).Bias and cultural competence in recruitment and selection. Multicultural Forum on Workforce Diversity, Language & Culture Worldwide, LLC. Martins, E. C., and Terblanche, F.(2003). ââ¬ËBuilding Organizational Culture that Stimulates Creativity and Innovationââ¬â¢. European Journal of Innovation and Management, Vol. 1(1), pp.30-43. Montoya, R. M., Horton, R. S., & Kirchner, J. (2008). Is actual similarity necessary for attractionA meta-analysis of actual and perceived similarity. Journal of Social and Personal Relationships, 25(6), 889-922. Neckerman, K. M., & Kirschenman, J. (1991). Hiring strategies, racial bias, and inner-city workers. Social Problems, 433-447. Oliver, P.(2003)Writing Up Your Thesis. Oaks, CA. Sage Publications. Omotayo, O. and Anthonia, A.(2013). ââ¬ËImpact of organizational culture on human resource practices: a study of selected Nigerian private universitiesââ¬â¢. Journal of Competitiveness, vol.5, No. 4, pp. 115-133. Osborne, A.(2013). Shortage of engineers is hurting Britain, says James Dyson. The Telegraph. [viewed on 4th July 2014] available from http://www.telegraph.co.uk/finance/newsbysector/industry/engineering/10287555/Shortage-of-engineers-is-hurting-Britain-says-James-Dyson.html Pager, D., & Shepherd, H. (2008). The sociology of discrimination: Racial discrimination in employment, housing, credit, and consumer markets. Annual review of sociology, 34, 181. Pager, D., Western, B., & Bonikowski, B. (2009). Discrimination in a Low-Wage Labor Market A Field Experiment. American Sociological Review, 74(5), 777-799. Partington, D. E.(2002).Essential Skills for Management Research: Oaks, CA:Sage Publications, ISBN 07619 70088. Paton, G.(2014). STEM Awards: business facing major ââ¬Ëskills shortageââ¬â¢. The Telegraph. [viewed on 4th July 2014] available from http://www.telegraph.co.uk/science/science-news/10696388/STEM-Awards-businesses-facing-major-skills-shortage.html Rivera, L. A. (2012). Hiring as cultural matching the case of elite professional service firms. American Sociological Review, 77(6), 999-1022. Roscigno, V. J. (2007). The face of discrimination: How race and gender impact work and home lives. Rowman & Littlefield Publishers. Saunders, M., Lewis, P., and Thornhill, A.(2012).Research Methods for Business Students.(Sixth Edition), New Jersey, FT Prentice Hall. Schneider, B. and Smith, D. B.(2004). ââ¬ËPersonality and Organizational Cultureââ¬â¢. In: B. Scheneider & D. B. Smith (Eds.), Personality and Organization. Mahwah, New Jersey: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates. Sewell Jr, W. H. (1992). A theory of structure: Duality, agency, and transformation. American journal of sociology, 1-29. Sheridan, J.E.(1992). ââ¬ËOrganizational culture and employee retentionââ¬â¢. The Academy of Management Journal, vol. 35 (5), pp.1036-1056. Stainback, K., Tomaskovic-Devey, D., & Skaggs, S. (2010). Organizational approaches to inequality: Inertia, relative power, and environments. Sociology, 36(1), 225. Stevens, M. L., Armstrong, E. A., & Arum, R. (2008). Sieve, incubator, temple, hub: Empirical and theoretical advances in the sociology of higher education. Annu. Rev. Sociol, 34, 127-151. Swidler, A. (1986). Culture in action: Symbols and strategies. American sociological review, 273-286. Tilly, C., & Tilly, C. (1998). Work under capitalism (p. p205). Boulder, CO: Westview Press. Turco, C. J. (2010). Cultural Foundations of Tokenism Evidence from the Leveraged Buyout Industry. American sociological review, 75(6), 894-913. Watt, B., Busine, M. and Wienker, E.(2005).Recruiting for culture fit: are you getting values from your selection activities. Australia, Development Dimensions International Inc. Weber, M. (1946). Class, status, party (pp. 180-95). na. Wilson, J.(2010).Essentials of Business Research, Oaks, CA: Sage Publications. Wimmer, A., & Lewis, K. (2010). Beyond and Below Racial Homophily: ERG Models of a Friendship Network Documented on Facebook1. American Journal of Sociology, 116(2), 583-642.
Wednesday, October 9, 2019
Management Planning Tyco Essay
Tyco is an international and expanded company that offers necessary manufactured goods and services to consumers in some market segments. These segments consist of Fire & Security, Healthcare, Electronics, Plastics & Adhesives, and Engineered Products & Services. Recently, Tyco possesses huge profits and provides work for about hundred thousand workers in the world (Verschoor, C., 2006). à à à à à à à à à à à Financial statement and cash flows in Tyco are well-built. Legacy economic and legal issues in this company have been answered.à They perform an excellent integration of businesses in the marketplace in order to survive in the highest standing.à Tyco International Ltd. is dividing their bodies into three autonomous companies (ââ¬Å"Tyco International to become 3 companiesâ⬠, 2006). à à à à à à à à à à à It is the greatest method to allow Tyco to accomplish their complete capability. Every separated company will be capable to effort more rapidly and more competitively. Eventually, it will generate more significance for their investors as a result of performing the development approaches as autonomous companies. à à à à à à à à à à à Previously, Tyco assessed a wide scale of their planned selections, involving the maintenance of Tycoââ¬â¢s recent working approach, trades of exclusive industries, and partition of the industries. Tyco assume that their strategic management planning, which full of continual improvement and value making, is the finest method to reach good reputation in the global competitive market (ââ¬Å"Tyco International to become 3 companiesâ⬠, 2006). à à à à à à à à à à à In Tyco, consistency is the basis in the lead of their business activities. The consumers, investors, partners, and the societies where Tyco operate are looking forward to reliable and ethical management from them on a daily basis. Tyco should continuously give emphasis to their dedication to maintain their core importance. Their dedication to the top values of reliability starts with promising that every person, who gets through the Tyco Company, will recognizes Tycoââ¬â¢s main values. These values characterize how Tyco behave as workers and as managers (Verschoor, C., 2006). à à à à à à à à à à à Tyco be obliged to challenge their selves about the best principles of entity and business reliability. Tyco always try to maintain the company resources. Tyco persistently contest with the other companies to develop their products, business activities, and their selves. Tyco constantly struggle to recognize the public businesses and facilitate them to accomplish their objectives. à à à à à à à à à à à Tyco are committed to multiplicity, impartial behavior, mutual value, and dependence. They promote an environment that supports modernization, originality, and outcome by means of cooperation. Tyco perform management that educates, motivates, and encourages complete contribution and career improvement. They support valuable communication and transmission. Tyco pay tribute to the assurances that they create. They hold entity accountability for every achievements and outcomes. à à à à à à à à à à à Tyco make a working regulation of constant development that is an essential element of their philosophy. Tyco try to allocate the accountability in some parts in order to create their values become a fundamental element of their industries. All of Tyco executives and staffs should be responsible to the main principles of reliability and complete obedience through the rules and strategies that influence the performance of their business activities (ââ¬Å"The Tyco Guide to Supplier Social Responsibilityâ⬠, 2007). à à à à à à à à à à à It is the accountability of Tyco to make sure that the assets that are vital to the success of the companyââ¬â¢s goals. Tyco has some efforts to accomplish the success, such as applying, continuing and developing their management planning and advancing consumer satisfaction. All of these activities are recognized through the preparation developments (ââ¬Å"The Tyco Guide to Supplier Social Responsibilityâ⬠, 2007). à à à à à à à à à à à Commonly, resource necessities are intended through the forecasting procedure and attuned for the period of the year in return to selling augmentation, earnings strategies, capability restraints, varying consumer necessities and another desires. Executive in Tyco should evaluate the sufficiency of resources and regulations should be created rooted in recognized business requirements. à à à à à à à à à à à Strategic planning that conducted by Tyco allows them to reduce expenses while fulfilling consumerââ¬â¢s requirement and get the most out of profit while completing predicted requirement. Usually, strategic planning choices are created by divide groups concerned on a detailed part of Tycoââ¬â¢s general plan. For instance, in a planned capability forecast study, the selling unit investigates demand situations and offers predictions for upcoming demand. Concurrently and unconnectedly, Tyco examines their strategy for capability development and creates references (Lofstrom, Erika;à Nevgi, Anne, 2007). à à à à à à à à à à à Management planning in Tyco must consist of creative, theoretical and managerial aspects. To locate upcoming tendency that is a main principle of a management planning, Tyco have to methodically recognize about their current standing. Therefore, the development of improving a management planning is supposed to comprise an appraisal of the companyââ¬â¢s past performance and recent state of affairs. à à à à à à à à à à à Tyco can decrease the probability of misunderstanding that will weaken the efficiency of their exertions, by starting in a management plan how the legal function is assumed to partake in its agreement and internal control attempts. The management planning should conduct in the direction of a fuller agreement procedure and a more wide-ranging method to the area under discussion (ââ¬Å"Tyco International to become 3 companiesâ⬠, 2006). à à à à à à à à à à à Management in Tyco has completed a brilliant responsibility of rotating their company all over the place. Tycoââ¬â¢s decision to adjust their efforts on established main products, and to make more efficient their businesses, has placed them in a good way for an earnings to productivity in this period. Management in Tyco takes part in an essential function in the adjustment procedure. It is a very optimistic improvement for Tyco investors (ââ¬Å"The Tyco Guide to Supplier Social Responsibilityâ⬠, 2007). à à à à à à à à à à à As a vigorous and exhilarating company, Tyco have productive business activity. Tyco provides a plan that contains full management of preservation and developments of organization to make best use of operational competence. The management planning includes some features that able to support organization in bringing service to their customer to all intents and purposes. Tyco implements beneficial technique of assuring their intensive struggle to satisfy the customers. This method is appropriate for Tyco that has competitive employment arrangements (Lofstrom, Erika;à Nevgi, Anne, 2007). à à à à à à à à à à à In conclusion, Tyco has wide-ranging study and assets and is constantly operating. Tyco is continuously improving innovative products. They always try to create innovation for presented and new products, activities, enhancements to presented activities, and customized machines, utensils or tools (Verschoor, C., 2006). Reference: à INTEGRITY EXCELLENCE TEAMWORK ACCOUNTABILITY. (2006). Retrieved 7 April, 2007, from http://www.tyco.com/WWW/Documents/pdf/tyco_guide_to_ethical_conduct.pdf Lofstrom, Erika;à Nevgi, Anne. (2007). From Strategic Planning to Meaningful Learning: Diverse Perspectives on the Development of Web-Based Teaching and Learning in Higher Education Retrieved 7 April, 2007, from http://www.eric.ed.gov Planning and Conducting a Functional Exercise. Helpful Hints for School Emergency Management. (2007). Retrieved 7 April, 2007, from http://www.eric.ed.gov The Tyco Guide to Supplier Social Responsibility. (2007). Retrieved 7 April, 2007, from http://www.tyco.com/WWW/pdf/IntegrityBrochure.pdf Tyco International to become 3 companies. (2006). Retrieved 7 April, 2007, from http://smallbusiness.yahoo.com/r-article-a-11158-m-61-sc-100-tyco_international_to_become_3_companies-i Verschoor, C. (2006). Tyco: an ethical metamorphosis. Strategic Finance à Ã
Tuesday, October 8, 2019
Critical Thinking # 3 Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words
Critical Thinking # 3 - Essay Example Through workplace diversity, employers enhance productivity and creativity and motivate employees to be loyal to the company. Moreover, workplace diversity is important since it develops competitive advantage since employees have the capacity to understand diverse customersââ¬â¢ needs. Companies that disregards peopleââ¬â¢s gender, race, religion, ethnic group, or sex develops competitive advantage in the diverse market. A diversified workforce is important since it allows employers to access a wide range of potential employees thus enhancing the chances of recruiting the most qualified and talented employee (Kerby and Burns 1). A market environment that includes, represents, and values employees help in motivating employees and fostering productivity. A diversified workforce promotes different cultures, creates an inclusive work environment, and reduces the costs of training and replacing employees (Kerby and Burns 1). In this case, employees understand the customers and identify with their needs to the benefit of the company. The inclusive workforce possesses different perspectives that help organizations to establish new opportunities, satisfy customersââ¬â¢ needs, and understand the market. As such, with the continued value of diversity in the global market, it is inherently important to recruit and retain a diversified workforce. Furthermore, employees in a diverse workplace gain various benefits. Such benefits include respect for one another that reduces the possibility of conflict in an organization (Mayhew 1). By recognizing other peopleââ¬â¢s opinion and cultures, employees in a diverse workplace establish common grounds that enhance productivity and positive working relations. The idea also helps in conflict management. In a diverse workplace, employees learn from one another, which help in adopting better working styles and developing positive attitudes in a business (Mayhew 1). Indeed, employees
Monday, October 7, 2019
Analysis Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words - 6
Analysis - Essay Example This article considered an application of ABC method in practice. As the case study related, Teva Ltd. benefitted from considering this method over more traditional ones because it helped her to reduce the unused capacity and finally to improve its production. EVA (economic value added) can be defined as an indicator of financial performance, and is computed by the difference between operating profits and a capital charge. It can be sustained that EVA is a true measure of economic profit, which takes into account all costs, implying also the cost of capital. Another measure is MVA (market value added), and it is an indicator of the wealth of the company. It is computed as the difference between market value of common stock, preferred stock, debt and the total capital. Basically, it is the difference of the amount investors can take out and the amount invested by them. Considering EVA in valuation has also drawbacks. One of them is the fact that EVA does not consider the growth opportunities of the company. To solve this issue, management should take into account the MVA method. The article discussed the use of EVA and MVA in valuation of a companyââ¬â¢s investments. Although, probably in practice an NPV and IRR methods are easier to implement, EVA could be a more appropriate indicator to measure performance and to make the appropriate decisions when running a company. To recap, EVA is the difference between net operating profit and capital charges, whilst MVA is the difference between market value and invested capital. EVA is preferred to MVA mainly because it is more amenable to periodic performance management. Using EVA in valuation brings benefits such as resolving budgeting issues, easiness of the making decision process, and accountability of management for all economic outlays. Basically, EVA solves some of the conflict of interest between management and shareholders by encouraging managers
Sunday, October 6, 2019
Urban Water Cycle Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words
Urban Water Cycle - Essay Example The Consent Decree does not contain a completed schedule both for upgrades and construction. In other words, the Decree is not by all means a full resolution of claimed violations. In the Decree, Akron is required to submit an updated long-term control plan detailing the construction of every project. Akron was required to upgrade its Water Pollution Control station so as attain a minimum secondary treatment capacity of 130 million daily by not later than October, 15, 2017. In the same way, Akron was also needed to separate the sewers for the combined sewer outflow outfalls at Racks 8, 13, 21, and 25, as well as 30 within eight years of lodging the decree. The city was imposed with fines amounting to more than $1 billion for more than 4,000 violations of the federal Clean Water Act over the years (Davidson, ââ¬Å½Howard and ââ¬Å½Jacobs 825). Therefore, the courts held that the decree as not fair, adequate, reasonable, and in the best interests of the public. The ruling implies tha t rates of more than 300,000 Akron together with the suburban residents who make use of the cityââ¬â¢s sewer system would be boosted on a less expensive plan. The sewer clean-up was necessary since it was a threat to the ecosystem of the Cuyahoga Valley National Park. Cleveland area is also dealing with the same problem. The Akron/Cleveland CSO area covers about 167 square miles and includes majority of the Akron metropolitan area. The population is about 352,000. When it rains heavily, the industrial and domestic wastewater exceeds the capacity of the Akron Waste Water Treatment overflowing into the Ohio Canal, Little Cuyahoga River, Cuyahoga River, and Camp Brook. It may cost the City of Akron about $1.4 billion to implement its long-term control plan. In the plan, the green infrastructure would reduce the storm water from getting into the sewers. They would rely
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